When and why workplace cyberbullying influences intention to stay: role of workplace social capital and affective commitment

Purpose: COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of home-based teleworking globally. Coupled with this, there are rising concerns about workplace cyberbullying. However, less studies have explored workplace cyberbullying in non-western countries. The purpose of the current study is to examine whether workplace cyberbullying affects employees' intention to stay and to find out the mechanisms underlying the relationship. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected among Indian home-based teleworkers. Data were analysed using SmartPLS and SPSS-PROCESS macro. Findings: Results show that workplace cyberbullying negatively impacts intention to stay and affective commitment acts as a mediator between this link. The results also reveal that workplace social capital moderates the negative effects of workplace cyberbullying on affective commitment. The results further confirm that workplace social capital moderated the indirect impact of workplace cyberbullying on intention to stay via affective commitment. Practical implications: This study highlights the potential of leveraging workplace social capital in order to reduce the negative effects of workplace cyberbullying. Originality/value: These findings can complement the previous studies on the impact of negative work events on affective commitment and intention to stay as well as extend researchers' understanding of the underlying mechanism between workplace cyberbullying and intention to stay. Furthermore, this research explains how employees can utilise social resources from workplace social capital to mitigate the negative outcomes of workplace cyberbullying. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Residents' emotional responses to tourism development in Saudi Arabia

Purpose: This study aims to explore residents' emotional responses to tourism development and how the anticipated loss or gain of resources from it affects their attitudes and actions. The study extends the conservation of resources (COR) theory by using the cognitive appraisal (CA) theory to explain why the residents of Al-Juhfa village in Saudi Arabia become stressed and experience negative emotions due to tourism development and how they respond and cope with it. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses qualitative methods by applying purposive interviews to engage informants. Data were gathered from 38 residents of Al-Juhfa village, Saudi Arabia. A content analysis of the data collected was used. Findings: Findings indicate that residents who perceived they might lose resources (land, houses, heritage, sociocultural and Islamic values and job and investment opportunities) due to tourism development had negative emotions and attitudes towards tourism development. This led a group of residents to resist development and not allow tourists to enter the village. Without tourism knowledge and skills, the residents are worried they may lose control of their resources. Religiosity was a factor that helped to cope with the negative emotions, and other coping actions included accepting displacement with compensation, allowing foreign workers to enter the village with conditions and accepting development with their involvement. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of the current study are that the data were gathered for the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak when residents were highly anxious and still feeling fear;these feelings could have influenced the responses. Secondly, the data were collected through hardcopy surveys using close- and open-ended questions. Therefore, these data might be limited, as the topic and questions were politicly sensitive, and the informants might not have completely expressed their feelings, giving diplomatic answers instead. Therefore, the research should be repeated in different contexts with qualitative data using face-to-face techniques. Practical implications: Firstly, the residents are concerned about losing their resources, such as land, houses and heritage. The development cannot be fully successful without the involvement and support of the local community. Therefore, the government should help them remain in their village by offering them official permission (sukuk) to retain their land and houses. Secondly, the government can open new residential areas and build homes for the residents within the current village, especially as the village has only a few people. Residential areas, such as a compound with complete services, can be designed as part of the tourist attractions in Al-Juhfa. Social implications: The two theories of COR and CA were developed in the western context and used in tourism studies separately in other contexts, especially CA. However, as far as the authors' concern, this is the first study to use the two theories in one study to explore residents' emotions towards tourism development. Both theories explained the process of residents' emotions towards tourism impact and the negative emotional reactions to perceived threats and resultant stress and how residents cope with these emotions. Nevertheless, in the context of Al-Juhfa as a conservative community, these two theories are not the only factors that explain the residents' emotional response and attitude, instated that the residents' religiosity and their belief in Allah is also an important determinant that explains their emotions and attitude towards tourism's impact on their village and community. Originality/value: The attached version was edited and proofread by an expert. All comments from the reviewers were responded to. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Students are at risk? Elucidating the impact of health risks of COVID-19 on emotional exhaustion and academic performance: role of mindfulness and online interaction quality.

Although previous online learning studies have looked at how student outcomes are influenced in different settings, this study is unique in that it looks at the role of COVID-19 as a particular stressor. This study discussed how students' perceptions of health risks of COVID-19 (PHRC) influenced their academic performance through emotional exhaustion. This study also looked at how mindfulness and online interaction quality (OIQ) affected PHRC's direct effects on exhaustion, as well as PHRC's indirect effects on academic performance via exhaustion. The data for the current study were collected from 336 students in three waves who were studying online during COVID-19. The results through structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that PHRC influenced academic performance. The results further revealed that mindfulness and OIQ attenuated the direct effects of PHRC on emotional exhaustion as well as indirect effects on academic performance through emotional exhaustion. This study provides some novel implications for practice and research.

Using leisure crafting to reduce emotional exhaustion at home during the COVID-19 pandemic through better sleep and not thinking about the pandemic.

Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, we aimed to investigate whether leisure crafting reduces emotional exhaustion by improving sleep quality and strengthening psychological detachment from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We posited that sleep quality and psychological detachment from the COVID-19 pandemic mediate the negative relationship between leisure crafting and emotional exhaustion. We carried out a two-wave longitudinal study among a group of individuals (N = 216) from Wuhan, China. We measured leisure crafting, sleep quality, and psychological detachment from the COVID-19 pandemic at Time 1 and emotional exhaustion two months later at Time 2. We discovered that leisure crafting reduced emotional exhaustion at home by improving sleep quality and increasing psychological detachment from the COVID-19 pandemic. At the end of this article, we discuss theoretical and practical implications, research limitations, and directions for future research.

The impact of a pandemic on knowledge sharing behavior: a COR perspective: Very Informal Newsletter on Library Automation

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to look at the attitudes of the employees in terms of sharing knowledge during COVID-19 in an online environment and the various difficulties associated and to analyze knowledge sharing (KS) in a virtual office setting, using the conservation of resources theory.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was used by conducting face-to-face interviews online through GoogleMeet, Skype and Zoom. A total of 34 interviews from 14 multinational companies (or their subsidiaries), in a supervisory role, were conducted for the study. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the responses.FindingsDuring a crisis, the tendency of employees to share knowledge at the individual, team and organizational level increases and is interlinked. The results of this study suggest that during the initial phases of lockdown, the creativity levels among employees were high;however, as the work from the office got postponed because of extended lockdowns, the creativity level of employees saw a dip. Furthermore, the findings of this study also highlighted that KS in remotely located teams was found to be dependent on the extent to which the team members knew each other, such that known teams were in a better position to share knowledge than a newly formed team with unknown or less known members.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has 34 respondents which is an acceptable number for a qualitative inquiry. However, the number of industries could be increased for generalization purposes. Responses were collected from a group of knowledge workers who were willing to correspond digitally, using social media channels of the authors, such as Linkedin. Responses collected personally could provide different results.Practical implicationsThis study provides insights into visible change in organizational processes. The conceptual model developed in this study has several implications which will help chief knowledge officers to understand why the various individual, team and organizational factors lead to KS, particularly with respect to COVID-19.Originality/valueThis study has explored a contemporary phenomenon – KS during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in an online environment. This study depicts the extant literature on knowledge management during a pandemic, thus bridging the scholarly gap. This study tried to bring in a broader perspective by selecting respondents across continents, domains and varied age groups. Fourth, most studies analyzing KS/knowledge hiding in the extant literature, especially during the pandemic, have followed a quantitative approach. This study followed a qualitative approach to gain insights into the KS of the firm and the thoughts and practicalities behind it.

Team Mindfulness in Online Academic Meetings to Reduce Burnout

Burnout, a negative job-related psychological state common with health professionals, results in valuable healthcare research loss. Team mindfulness, promoting work engagement, represents an aspect effective in reducing burnout. In a series of diverse-membership academic meetings intended to reduce research burnout—employing writing prompts, doodling, and continuous developmental feedback—team mindfulness was demonstrated when conducted in person. Therefore, whether team mindfulness is evident when meetings are held online is relevant. During the first eighteen months of COVID-19 limitations requiring these meetings to be online, it was previously reported that team mindfulness was diminished. Question-asking, submitted doodles, and feedback responses were analyzed for the following year of the same group, both quantitively and qualitatively, and with respect to COR theory, to determine if the result persisted. Team mindfulness was also compromised in the second year with respect to the entire group but not regarding the individual relationship with the facilitator. For a diverse-membership group to demonstrate team mindfulness, it is suggested that creating and using avatars similar to those used in online games might be effective. To continue the successful aspect of team mindfulness found online for this group or similarly designed groups, a one-on-one meeting between participant and facilitator is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Challenges (20781547) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sense of community and anxiety during a global pandemic: The role of world assumptions in couples.

The current study was designed to examine the role of sense of community at the outset of COVID-19 pandemic-related shutdowns as a longitudinal predictor of anxiety in couples. We also sought to investigate whether self-reported changes in perceived levels of benevolent world assumptions would serve as an indirect conveyor of this association. Data were collected at three time points during the first 6-months of pandemic shutdowns in the US and the current study utilized responses from 535 heterosexual cisgender couples. Mplus was used to path model lagged associations between sense of community at wave 1, world assumptions at waves 1 and 2 and anxiety symptoms at all three waves for both partners. Findings demonstrated direct effects within men and women with a stronger sense of community at wave 1 relating to lower anxiety at waves 2, and within women this effect extended to wave 3. Further, we found that a higher sense of community at wave 1 in men associated with perceived strengthening of benevolent world assumptions at the next wave for men and women. We noted that perceived strengthened benevolent world assumptions at wave 2 associated with lower anxiety at wave 3 within men. Indirect effects showed that a stronger sense of community at wave 1 associated with lower anxiety at wave 3 within men.

Does employee empowerment moderate the effect of situational and dispositional variables on emotional exhaustion differently? The COVID-19 crisis context

Purpose: Building on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study aims to investigate employee empowerment's moderation effect on the relationship of situational (job satisfaction, affective commitment) and dispositional (positive affectivity, emotional intelligence) variables toward the emotional exhaustion of service employees amidst the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: In total, 288 service employees from various sectors in Indonesia participate as the study's respondents. This study applies a two-stage structural equation modeling approach to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results show that employee empowerment moderates situational and dispositional variables differently. While employee empowerment significantly influences situational variables, a different situation is found on dispositional variables, that employee empowerment does not significantly influence these variables. This study's findings portray the COR theory in practice and clarify the importance of employee empowerment for employees with particular attributions. Research limitations/implications: The present study bears four limitations: the cross-sectional design;no exploration of dispositional and situational variables' antecedents;the findings are limited to the service workers;and lastly, this study only takes Indonesian samples. Practical implications: From a practical perspective, this study reveals which type of service employees are responsive to empowerment policy and which are prone to experience emotional exhaustion, particularly during a crisis. Social implications: By understanding what factors determine employee empowerment's effectiveness, managers could maximize the impacts of their empowerment policies. Subsequently, it will create better service deliveries which might benefit the broader societal scope. Originality/value: This study contributes to both theoretical and practical understanding. Theoretically, this study adds and promotes using a categorical lens to examine the pattern of interactions between organizations and employees. © 2022, Jaya Addin Linando and M. Halim.

Evaluating a desire to telework model: The role of perceived quality of life, workload, telework experience and organisational telework support

Orientation: Beyond the motivation paradigm that underpins most telework research, the meaning paradigm offers a complementary vantage point to appreciate employees' desires in the face of emerging threats to the traditional workplace. Research purpose: The research developed and tested a multilevel moderated mediation model to explain the desire to telework. Motivation for the study: A high-performance culture based on leadership excellence dictates that organisations keep a pulse and act on desires of their employees, an urgent priority given the pandemic-induced structural changes to the traditional workplace. Research design or approach and method: Data were collected from a non-probability sample of 185 non-governmental sector employees. Mplus v8 was used to test the multilevel moderated mediation model. Main findings: The mediated relationship between quality of life and the desire to telework was significantly influenced by perceptions of workload and organisational support for telework. Organisational telework support had a compensatory effect on workload. There were significant differences in the desire to telework by gender, level and location of work. Practical and managerial implications: Despite the intensification and extensification of work characterising teleworking environments, the results affirm a growing desire to utilise telework opportunities as circumstances permit. Ensuring access to and availability of appropriate telework resources is paramount to satisfying this desire. Contribution or value-add: Insights on employee desires and the associated influence levers offer leadership teams an opportunity to translate them into dedicated actions that enhance the employee experience, and by extension, create thriving organisations.

Does employee empowerment moderate the effect of situational and dispositional variables on emotional exhaustion differently? The COVID-19 crisis context

Purpose: Building on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study aims to investigate employee empowerment's moderation effect on the relationship of situational (job satisfaction, affective commitment) and dispositional (positive affectivity, emotional intelligence) variables toward the emotional exhaustion of service employees amidst the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: In total, 288 service employees from various sectors in Indonesia participate as the study's respondents. This study applies a two-stage structural equation modeling approach to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results show that employee empowerment moderates situational and dispositional variables differently. While employee empowerment significantly influences situational variables, a different situation is found on dispositional variables, that employee empowerment does not significantly influence these variables. This study's findings portray the COR theory in practice and clarify the importance of employee empowerment for employees with particular attributions. Research limitations/implications: The present study bears four limitations: the cross-sectional design;no exploration of dispositional and situational variables' antecedents;the findings are limited to the service workers;and lastly, this study only takes Indonesian samples. Practical implications: From a practical perspective, this study reveals which type of service employees are responsive to empowerment policy and which are prone to experience emotional exhaustion, particularly during a crisis. Social implications: By understanding what factors determine employee empowerment's effectiveness, managers could maximize the impacts of their empowerment policies. Subsequently, it will create better service deliveries which might benefit the broader societal scope. Originality/value: This study contributes to both theoretical and practical understanding. Theoretically, this study adds and promotes using a categorical lens to examine the pattern of interactions between organizations and employees. © 2022, Jaya Addin Linando and M. Halim.

Resources, stressors and coping strategies of nurses caring for patients with coronavirus from the perspective of Conservation of Resources Theory: A qualitative study

Objectives: To explore the resources, stress factors and coping strategies of nurses, who provide direct care to patients with coronavirus disease. Methods: In this qualitative study, 20 registered nurses were interviewed, who have been working in the pandemic hospitals located in different parts of Turkey for at least two weeks. In-depth interviews were carried out individually and online. Interview data were analyzed with thematic analysis from the perspective of the Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis of the data according to the COR theory. First theme, resources are required to adapt to changing processes and to be motivated to maintain service. Nurses' personal resources were helping patients, professional responsibility, spirituality, hope and conscience. Money, knowledge, and experience were energy resources while being in a well-functioning working team, having a similar fate, and social support were condition resources and the personal protective equipment formed object resources. Second theme, perceived threats to their resources are the main stressors. The final theme is that strategies for coping with identified stressors are reactive rather than proactive. Conclusion: This study contributed to the resources being noticed that nurses had and used during the pandemic, as well as into understanding which resources were under threat and a critical component of the stress process. The findings of the study can be used by psychiatric consultation-liaison nurses to strengthen their resources and support clinical nurses to effectively cope with the negative effects and consequences of the pandemic. © 2022 by Journal of Psychiatric Nursing.

Quality of work life, fear of COVID-19, job satisfaction, and commitment: a moderated mediation model

Purpose Principally, this study aims to test a conceptual framework of the moderating influence of fear of COVID-19 on the following hypothesized relationships (1) quality of work life and bankers' commitment, (2) the mediating spillover effect of job satisfaction in the quality of work life (QWL) and affective commitment relationship. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative cross-sectional research design is adopted on 318 bankers chosen from four prominent Indian cities. The mediation model is tested through SPSS, PROCESS macro, and AMOS. Conditional process modeling is also administered to test the moderating effect of fear of COVID-19. Findings The results suggest that the positive effect of QWL on commitment is completely mediated through job satisfaction. Further, the fear induced by COVID-19 negatively moderated the positive direct relation of QWL with commitment and the positive mediating spillover effect of job satisfaction. Originality/value The present research is virtually the first to introduce fear of COVID-19 as a psychological construct, to test a moderated mediation model for implications to organizational behavior and human psychology theory and practice. In coalescence of the need satisfaction, spillover, and COR theories, the authors postulate that as spillover between the domains of an individual's life (work, social, financial, personal, and overall life satisfaction) occurs, such effect is calibrated (augmented or attenuated) by the degree of risk/threat/depletion of their resources in the quest for attaining higher valued resources (overall life satisfaction). The moderated mediation mechanism is suggested for replication in other avenues for greater generalizability.

The impact of a pandemic on knowledge sharing behavior: a COR perspective

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to look at the attitudes of the employees in terms of sharing knowledge during COVID-19 in an online environment and the various difficulties associated and to analyze knowledge sharing (KS) in a virtual office setting, using the conservation of resources theory. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative approach was used by conducting face-to-face interviews online through GoogleMeet, Skype and Zoom. A total of 34 interviews from 14 multinational companies (or their subsidiaries), in a supervisory role, were conducted for the study. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the responses. Findings: During a crisis, the tendency of employees to share knowledge at the individual, team and organizational level increases and is interlinked. The results of this study suggest that during the initial phases of lockdown, the creativity levels among employees were high;however, as the work from the office got postponed because of extended lockdowns, the creativity level of employees saw a dip. Furthermore, the findings of this study also highlighted that KS in remotely located teams was found to be dependent on the extent to which the team members knew each other, such that known teams were in a better position to share knowledge than a newly formed team with unknown or less known members. Research limitations/implications: This study has 34 respondents which is an acceptable number for a qualitative inquiry. However, the number of industries could be increased for generalization purposes. Responses were collected from a group of knowledge workers who were willing to correspond digitally, using social media channels of the authors, such as Linkedin. Responses collected personally could provide different results. Practical implications: This study provides insights into visible change in organizational processes. The conceptual model developed in this study has several implications which will help chief knowledge officers to understand why the various individual, team and organizational factors lead to KS, particularly with respect to COVID-19. Originality/value: This study has explored a contemporary phenomenon – KS during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in an online environment. This study depicts the extant literature on knowledge management during a pandemic, thus bridging the scholarly gap. This study tried to bring in a broader perspective by selecting respondents across continents, domains and varied age groups. Fourth, most studies analyzing KS/knowledge hiding in the extant literature, especially during the pandemic, have followed a quantitative approach. This study followed a qualitative approach to gain insights into the KS of the firm and the thoughts and practicalities behind it. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Buffering the Effects of Burnout on Healthcare Professionals' Health-The Mediating Role of Compassionate Relationships at Work in the COVID Era.

Managing the COVID-19 pandemic posed several challenges for healthcare professionals, which likely heightened their risk of burnout (Amanullah and Ramesh Shankar, 2020) and, consequently, their general physical and mental health. Although it may not be possible to address and eliminate the causes of burnout, current research informs healthcare organizations about protective strategies to reduce its detrimental consequences. The promotion of compassionate interactions among healthcare professionals may play such a role. Compassion within healthcare organizations positively affects individual performance and well-being. Building on these considerations and within the framework of the Conservation of Resources theory, this study explores the relationships among burnout dimensions, received compassion at work, and general health in 711 Italian healthcare professionals (68.5% female), aged between 21 and 73 years (Mage = 36.4, SD = 11.2). Analyses were conducted to investigate the association between burnout and general well-being (H1) and between burnout symptoms and perceived compassion at work (H2); and the mediational role of compassion in the relationship between burnout symptoms and general well-being. H1 and H2 were confirmed (r < 0.01 for both), and a SEM model showed the mediating role of compassion at work in the association between burnout symptoms and general well-being (RMSEA < 0.08, SRMR < 0.08, CFI and TLI > 0.90). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the paper.

COVID fear and work-family conflict: a moderated mediated model of religiosity, COVID stress and social distancing: MRN

Purpose>Based on the arguments of conservation of resource theory (COR), this study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying the linkage of COVID fear, work-family conflict (W-FC) and family-work conflict (F-WC) while investigating the mediating role of COVID stress and social distancing. The study also tests the moderating role of religiosity in these relationships.Design/methodology/approach>In total, 401 survey responses from doctors and university teachers are collected through online and personally administrated questionnaires. Partial least square-based structural equation modeling technique is applied using Smart PLS software.Findings>This study finds that COVID fear has a positive and significant impact on COVID stress and social distancing while religiosity negatively impacts COVID fear. Further, COVID stress and social distancing mediates the relationships between COVID fear and W-FC/ F-WC. However, the study found that COVID stress is a more effective mechanism as compared to social distancing in explaining the mediation process. It is also found that religiosity significantly moderates the nexus between COVID stress and both W-FC and F-WC negatively.Practical implications>Findings imply that the teachers, as well as doctors, must be immediately be provided with the proper facilitation to maintain their work from home operations with the best of the institutional facilities. Moreover, the recruitment policy in such professions can also consider religious practices to be the indicators of problem-solving and stress management in such a challenging context.Originality/value>This study provides timely and novel insight into the interplay between the domains of work and family during the period of stressful COVID outbreak. By distinguishing W-FC and F-WC, it provides a detailed understanding of the process during the COVID period. The groundbreaking finding in the research is with the moderation of religiosity.

The Influence of COVID-19 on Entrepreneur's Psychological Well-Being.

This research focuses on the influence of COVID-19 on entrepreneurs' psychological well-being (PWB) in China. A start-up's performance is believed to play an important moderating role. This study uses 2 years of tracking data of 303 entrepreneurs from Shandong Providence, China. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study found that COVID-19 will significantly decrease entrepreneurs' PWB. A start-up's past performance will enhance the negative influence of COVID-19 on entrepreneurs' PWB. This study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship, COR, and PWB. The findings can also guide entrepreneurs to maintain well-being during the pandemic and post-pandemic era.

COVID-19 vs. terrorism: Contribution of the COR theory to the process of coping with invisible threats.

Two years have passed since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire world is still struggling with the virus and its mutations, and governments have been imposing various restrictions, including social distancing and quarantine. This paper leans on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theoretical model in comparing the impact of COVID-19 with that of an ongoing threat of terror attacks, allowing us to understand the similarities and differences between them. Such exploration could result in an understanding that may guide devising psycho-social interventions to minimize the negative psychological consequences of a continuous life-threatening situation. By applying the extensive available literature on the aftermath of terrorist attacks to the little-known long-run consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper comes up with several guidelines such as increasing online social support and enhancing adaptive coping with stress, that are applicable on the individual, community, and societal levels.

Mindfulness as Moderator Against Emotional Exhaustion Due to Online Teaching During COVID-19 Pandemic: An Investigation Using Job Demands-Resources Model and Conservation of Resource Theory.

On the basis of the Conservation of Resource (COR) theory and using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, this study examines the relationships among job demands and job resources of online teaching (JD-OT and JR-OT), perceived instructional efficacy of OT (PIE-OT), mindfulness in teaching (MiT), and emotional exhaustion (EE) to understand the psychological stress experienced by teachers engaged in OT and how mindfulness has moderating effects on relieving anxiety and preventing burnout. A total of 476 teachers with OT experience completed online a self-report survey with items adapted from related scales. The hypotheses were validated using structural equation modeling. Causal relationships were assessed using path analysis, and multi-group analysis was performed to examine the moderating effect of MiT. JD-OT has significant and negative impact on PIE-OT, JR-OT has significant and positive impact on PIE-OT, and PIE-OT has significant and negative impact on EE. Moreover, PIE-OT mediates the positive relationship of JD-OT with EE and the negative relationship of JR-OT with EE. The moderating role of MiT in the relationship of JD-OT and JR-OT with PIE-OT was also validated. In OT work environments, teachers have great need and desire for JR, which can have a positive impact on PIE. Mindfulness training contributes to improving OT efficacy and reducing EE. Enhancing teachers' MiT enables them to deal with demands from work and their superiors and motivates them to respond with ease to the stressful external environment.

Longitudinal anxiety in couples during a global pandemic: Considering loss, attachment behaviors, and trauma coping self-efficacy.

The COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic has had a significant impact on multiple domains of daily functioning in communities, families, and couples. Research on couple dynamics amid mass stress events using dyadic data is still limited. As such, the current study employed a cross-lagged panel design with 535 cisgender, heterosexual couples to explore longitudinal paths between pandemic-related loss, attachment behaviors, trauma coping self-efficacy, and anxiety symptoms. Data were collected at three time points between April and October 2020. The findings demonstrated the potentially mobilizing nature of loss. Higher levels of loss associated with higher levels of attachment behaviors in partners later and higher levels of trauma coping self-efficacy for men in a partner effect at one lag. Higher levels of attachment behaviors generally associated with improved trauma coping self-efficacy at the next wave within and across partners, and higher levels of trauma coping self-efficacy appeared to offset later anxiety within partners. On the other hand, within partners, greater loss is associated with lower levels of attachment behaviors within partners across time. Furthermore, higher anxiety is associated with lower levels of TCSE and higher levels of loss within partners across most lags. Finally, higher trauma coping self-efficacy is associated with less loss within men at one lag, and greater loss within men at the later lag, which may demonstrate stress and efforts to mobilize to meet it. Indirect effects were found implying the intermediary nature of anxiety and trauma coping self-efficacy in explaining wave 3 anxiety. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) ha tenido un efecto significativo en varios aspectos del funcionamiento diario de las comunidades, las familias y las parejas. Las investigaciones sobre la dinámica de pareja en medio de situaciones de estrés masivo usando datos diádicos aún son escasas. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio se utilizó un diseño de panel de retardo cruzado con 535 parejas cisgénero heterosexuales a fin de analizar las pautas longitudinales entre la pérdida, las conductas de apego, la autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma y los síntomas de ansiedad relacionados con la pandemia. Se recogieron datos en tres intervalos de tiempo entre abril y octubre de 2020. Los resultados demostraron la índole posiblemente movilizadora de la pérdida. Los niveles más altos de pérdida se asociaron con niveles más altos de conductas de apego en las parejas posteriormente, y con niveles más altos de autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma en los hombres en un efecto de la pareja durante un periodo. Los niveles más altos de conductas de apego se asociaron generalmente con una mejor autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma en la fase siguiente dentro y entre los integrantes de la pareja, y los niveles más altos de autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma parecieron compensar la ansiedad posterior dentro de los integrantes de la pareja. Por el otro lado, dentro de los integrantes de la pareja, una mayor pérdida se asoció con niveles más bajos de conductas de apego dentro de los integrantes de la pareja a lo largo del tiempo. Además, los niveles más altos de ansiedad se asociaron con niveles más bajos de autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma y con niveles más altos de pérdida dentro de los integrantes de la pareja durante la mayoría de los periodos. Finalmente, los niveles más altos de autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma se asociaron con una menor pérdida dentro de los hombres en un periodo, y con una mayor pérdida dentro de los hombres en el periodo posterior, lo cual puede demostrar estrés y esfuerzos para movilizarse y ocuparse. Se hallaron efectos indirectos, los cuales indicaron la índole intermediaria de la ansiedad y la autoeficacia para afrontar el trauma a la hora de explicar la ansiedad de la tercera fase. Se comentan las consecuencias para la práctica y las investigaciones futuras.

Colliding worlds: Family carers' experiences of balancing work and care in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic public health and social protective measures imposed globally resulted in partial or full closure of key services and supports for services and supports for people with a disability, chronic illness or age-related dependency. This caused huge disruption to care provision and family carers were relied upon to assume this care at home. Many family carers, including those in employment, found themselves navigating additional care responsibilities without 'usual levels' of support from family, friends, work, school, day care services, homecare and community services. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family carers, their employment and care-giving responsibilities, through the lens of the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989). Adopting a qualitative research approach, 16 family carers (14 females, 2 males) who were in employment prior to the onset of or during the pandemic, participated in an in-depth, semi-structured telephone or online video interview between June and September 2020. Interviews lasted between 45 and 100 min, were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis of the interview data identified four main themes: colliding worlds; navigating unchartered waters alone; opportunity despite adversity and the relentless unknowing. Findings indicate that the onset of the pandemic resulted in the sudden loss of valued resources, which disrupted routines and caused care and work life domains to become intrinsically intertwined. Consistent with the main principles of the COR theory, adapting and transitioning to different ways of working and caring with depleted resources and supports, generated considerable stress for family carers and impacted their well-being. The implications for employers, healthcare providers, policy makers and other key stakeholders are considered, to enable family carers to successfully reconcile work with care and protect their well-being, as the pandemic continues to unfold and in the event of future societal crises.