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Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic that began to spread in Wuhan, Hubei province at the end of2019 is highly contagious, which spreads and expanded rapidly, and has attracted great attention from scholars at home and abroad. As an acute respiratory infectious disease, it has been included in the Class B infectious diseases stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and is managed as a Class A infectious disease. The WHO announced the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. At present, the clinical treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly to improve symptoms, and there is still a lack of specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This paper reviews the main existing treatment methods of COVID-19 and related research on microecological therapy through literature search, in order to provide a reference for micro-ecological adjuvant therapy.
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This study aimed to analyze the effect of sterilization and disinfection procedures at two different levels before entering the residence of medical rescue teams fighting against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) in infection prevention and control. A total of 160 medical team members who came from our hospital to aid Wuhan were taken as study objects. During that period implementing two different procedures, their temperature, health condition, nucleic acid testing results and adverse reports were analyzed. The number of adverse reports was 0 during 10 days when high-intensity disinfection procedures were implemented. Before the simplified procedure put into use, there were 8 cases about psychological acceptance in the first seven days;the simplified procedure was carried out when there was no adverse reports 7 days later. During the isolation period, the body temperature was monitored twice a day, without any abnormality;two nucleic acid testing results were both negative. The simplified process is a more scientific and reasonable disinfection process. Confronted with the prevention and control of the COVID-19, we must maintain a scientific and rational attitude and adopt right and reasonable measures, which is more conducive to security.
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This study aimed to investigate the chest imaging finding of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in rehabilitation period. The clinical and imaging data of 80 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed as common type by the First People's Hospital of Xiaogan City, Hubei Province from 21 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 were collected. The discharge standard of the convalescent stage contained body temperature returned to normal over 3 days, significant improvement of respiratory tract symptoms and obviously absorbed inflammation as well as two negative consecutive respiratory tract pathogenic nucleic acid tests showed by the pulmonary imaging. HRCT manifestations of patients were dynamically observed and were compared with those at the time of admission. Typical syndrome and lesion distribution and morphology at convalescence stage were observed. HRCT of COVID-19 patients in convalescent period showed that the absorption of "fly swatter breaking sign" and "water inclusion sign" was decreased, with earlier and more obvious absorption of water inclusion sign. Compared with HRCT at the time of admission, localized patchy ground glass foci in the dorsolateral or posterior basal segments of both lungs, multi segmented ground glass density foci and diffusely distributed ground glass foci in the convalescent stage were obvious, the remaining interlobular interstitial and interlobular septal thickening, subpleural are shadow and irregular fibrous cord shadow foci among some patients were found and no obvious mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion were found. The decrease of absorption of "broken fly swatter sign" and "wrapped water pipe sign" is a typical manifestation of the improvement of the general COVID-19 in the rehabilitation period. In the rehabilitation period, the discharged patients often left ground glass like changes, thickening of interlobular septum and/or interlobular septum, subpleural are shadow and residual interstitial inflammation. Only by popularizing HRCT in the clinical follow-up can effectively observe the dynamic changes of residual lesions, reduce the residual lesions and lower the risk of developing interstitial fibrosis.
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The article's objective was to assess the clinical diagnostic utility of plasma levels of CRP, PCT, and IL-6 in individuals with COVID-19 both alone and in combination. Results showed that according to the ROC curve, PCT and CRP were highly valuable in the diagnosis of COVID-19, and CRP was most valuable in the evaluation of patients with severe and critical COVID-19. The combined detection of the three indexes might increase the evaluation's effectiveness. When evaluating COVID-19 patients who were in severe condition, IL-6 demonstrated a strong predictive value. Therefore, combining the three indicators may increase the diagnostic efficiency and provide crucial reference values for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and can be used to determine the severity of COVID-19.
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Objective: Taking the three outbreaks caused by Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and Zhengzhou, Henan Province as examples, to explore different transmission pattern of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and to provide basis for scientific prevention and control.
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Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics and explore source of infection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases imported through an inbound air flight from Kenya to Guangzhou, China.
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Objective: To provide reference for future epidemiological investigation, prevention and control of infectious diseases by analyzing the spatial-temporal distribution and transmission characteristics of corona virus diseases 2019 (COVID- 19) in the early stage in Shenzhen.
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This paper discussed the current hot topics regarding whether Hubei Province can attain the target of carbon emission reduction in the wake of the impacts of novel coronavirus epidemic(COVID-19). To address the issue, analysis was made based on the total energy consumption and structural status of the Province, and the methods of Co integration regression and the Markov chain analysis were used to predict the growths of GDP, energy consumption and carbon emissions in Hubei Province over the coming period of 2020 to 2025. In addition, according to the different impacts of the epidemic on regional economy, three scenarios--the baseline scenario, low-speed scenario and high-speed scenario, were divided, and the carbon emission intensity and carbon emission peak were analyzed, respectively. The analysis concluded that under different scenarios, the total carbon emission of Hubei Province at the end of the 14th Five Year Plan period must be controlled within the range of 46 178.99 to 49 346.39 million tons, and in this way, the cumulative declining rate of carbon emission intensity can reach 19.62%-32.60%;and only through the active action taken by the government, with the scenario of medium to high speed economic development and optimizing the industrial structure can the Province attain the target of reducing carbon emission intensity by 20% in the 14th Five Year Plan period. In conclusion, under any of the above three scenarios, COVID-19 will not negatively affect attaining the target of the peak per capita carbon emission in Hubei Province, and the target is expected to reach prior to the year 2030.
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SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus, and has a high mutation rate. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. Since then, a certain number of mutations have occurred in the SARS -CoV -2 genorne. These mutations can be classified by phylogenetic analyses to help find the infection source. However, the overall mutation rate is low, and the structure of a phylogenetic tree constructed by a single algorithm is not sufficiently reliable. To improve the reliability of classification, Paup, MrBayes, and MEGA were used to construct phylogenetic trees by different: lgorithms to analyze the genomes of all SARS-CoV-2 viruses in GenBank. In all phylogenetic trees, some sequences were clustered together in a similar pattern that coincided with the intersection of virus hosts. By comparing and analyzing similar structures between multiple phylogenetic trees, some information about the infection source was revealed. As SARS-CoV-2 evolves and genomic databases become enriched, the method of screening will provide increasingly useful information about infection sources and pathways.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a public-health crisis worldwide. Accurate identification of the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, carriers of SARS-CoV-2, and infected people is crucial for the prevention and control of this pandemic. Detection of the nucleic acids (NAs) of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main criteria for COVID-19 diagnosis. Pharyngeal swabs (PSs) and fecal specimens (FSs) tend to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, there have been no reports of differences in the detection results of SARS-CoV-2 NAs in PSs and FSs of COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons at different exposure times. Forty-six patients diagnosed with COVID 19 in Nanyang City, China, from 2 February to 17 February 2020 and 27 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons screened through epidemiologic history and PSs and FSs at different exposure times were evaluated through detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAs. COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons had the highest positive rate of NAs in PSs at week 2 and the highest positive rate for NAs in FSs at week 3. The positive rate of NAs in PSs was significantly higher than that of FSs (P < 0.05). The difference in the positive rate of NAs in PSs between the two groups at 1, 3, and 4 weeks was significant (P < 0.05). The difference in the positive rate of NM in FSs between the two groups at 1-4 weeks was not significant (P > 0.05). The time for SARS-CoV-2 NAs to test positive in FSs lagged behind that for SARS-CoV-2 NAs to test positive in PSs (P > 0.05). The time for SARS-CoV-2 NAs to test positive in the PSs and FSs of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons lagged behind that for COVID-19 patients (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the average cycle threshold (Ct) value of the ORFlab gene and N gene of PSs and FSs between COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic SARS-Cov-2 infected persons at each exposure time tested (P > 0.05). The more severe the COVID-19, the higher was the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 NAs in PSs and FSs, and the shorter was the time taken for SARS-CoV-2 NAs to test positive (P < 0.05). The re-positive rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons was 14.81% (4/27), higher than that of COVID-19 patients (6.52%;3/46), and the difference was significant (X2=8.193, P=0.016). Our study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has a fecal mouth transmission route. The time taken for SARS-CoV-2 NM from FSs to turn positive lags behind that for SARS-CoV-2 NAs in PSs to turn positive, and the positive rate is lower. Test specimens should be selected according to different exposure times. Attention should he paid to younger asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons.
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Objective: To explore the clinical value of admission blood glucose level on prognosis of COVID- 19 patients. Methods A total of 420 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patients admitted to Tongji Hospital of Tongji MedicalCollege from January 18, 2020 to February 26, 2020 were selected as the subjects of study. The data of diabetes or not, admissionblood glucose level(GLU), clinical severity grade were collected through the electronic medical record system, and the outcome, which defined as in-hospital motality, was also monitored. The patients were divided into diabetes group and non-diabetes groupin terms of the complication of diabetes, and then, firstly, stratified these two groups into survival subgroup and non-survivalsubgroup in according to the event of in-hospital motality, GLU between these two subgroups were compared. Secondly, according to the clinical severity grade, these two groups were stratified into moderate subgroup, severe subgroup and criticalsubgroup, and GLU among these subgroups were also compared. Thirdly, according to the admission blood glucose level, stratified these two groups into GLU 3.9~7.8 mmol /L subgroup, GLU 7.8~10.0 mmol/L subgroup and GLU>10.0 mmol/Lsubgroup, the in-hospital motality rates among these subgroups were compared. Finally, the multivariate logistic regression wasused to explore whether increased GLU were independent risk factor for in-hospital motality in diabetes group and non-diabetesgroup when adjusted for sex, age and underlying disease. Results In non-diabetes group, compared with Survival subgroup, GLUwas significantly elevated in non-Survival subgroup[6.96(5.95, 8.23)mmol/L vs 5.96 (5.32, 6.92) mmol/L], the difference wasstatistically significant(U=6047.0, P < 0.001), but in diabetes group, there was no significant difference between non-survivalsubgroup and Survival subgroup [12.42(8.41, 18.17) mmol/L vs 9.88 (7.79, 14.02) mmol/L], the difference was statisticallysignificant(U=1 200.5, P=0.059).In Non-diabetes group, GLU elevated remarkably along with the clinical severity gradeincreased, moderate subgroup, severe subgroup, critical subgroup GLU were 5.87(5.24, 6.69) mmol/L, 6.94(5.95, 7.90) mmol/L,9.73 (6.22, 11.64) mmol/L, the difference were statistically significant, respectively(U=723.0~4978.0, all P < 0.01). However indiabetes group, there was no significant difference on GLU when the clinical severity grade increased, moderate subgroup, severesubgroup, critical subgroup GLU were 9.88(7.81, 11.93)mmol/L, 12.42(8.43, 16.94)mmol/L, 11.43(7.89, 18.76)mmol/L, the difference were statistically significant, respectively (U=262.0~946.5, all P>0.05).In non-diabetes group, GLU> 10.0 mmol/L subgroup had the hightest in-hospital motality rate (72.0%) among all three subgroups, the differences were statisticallysignificant(X2=24.607, 9.625, all P < 0.01), when compared between GLU 3.9~7.8 mmol/L subgroup (in-hospital motality rate24.8%) and GLU 7.8~10.0 mmol/L subgroup (in-hospital motality rate 30.0%), there was no significant difference on in-hospitalmotality rate (X2=0.383, P > 0.05). However, in diabetes group, along with GLU increased, it had no significant difference on inhospitalmotality rate, GLU 3.9~7.8 mmol/L subgroup, GLU 7.8~10.0 mmol/L subgroup, GLU> 10.0 mmol/L subgroup, the inhospitalmotality rate were 34.8%, 41.4%, 49.2%, respectively(X2=0.236~1.380, all P> 0.05). Multivariate logistic regressionshowed, in non-diabets group, GLU>10.0 mmol/L was the independent risk factor when adjusted for sex, age and underlyingdisease, odds ratio was 7.969, and 95% confidence interval was 3.022~21.013, but in diabets group.It seemed that GLU>10.0 mmol/L was not the independent risk factor. Conclusion Admission blood glucose is a good predictor for disease severity andoutcome in non-diabetes patients with COVID-19. When admission hyperglycemia occurs, it tends to predict a poor prognosis.
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Objective: To investigate the clinical. features and treatment of ophthalmopathy secondary to EB virus(EBV) infection in children.
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Objective: To observe the changes of IgG antibody titers in plasma of convalescent COVID-19 patients before and after methylene blue/photochemical virus inactivation and freezing preservation.
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Objective: To explore the features of bedside lung ultrasound images of severe and critical COVID-19.
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Objective: The characteristics of imported coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) cases from outside China were analyzed to provide evidence for prevention and control backflow of the epidemic.
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OBJECTIVE: Due to the lack of effective monitoring of microbial spectrum of medical waste collection, transport, storage and transfer path, as well as the evaluation of disinfection effects in medical institutions, this study aimed to explore the microenvironment, prevention and control difficulties and management opinions of medical waste disposal path through the microbial analysis of the medical waste disposal path in model departments. METHODS According to the standard process, the environmental samples at different time periods before and after the disinfection of the medical waste disposal path in the model department were collected and analyzed. The drug resistance and molecular typing traceability of important pathogens were analyzed. And the dynamic effect of the whole path application of the disinfection scheme for medical waste disposal in the model department were evaluated. Efficient frequency and application effect of disinfection of and hygiene of relevant places and gloves were evaluated through environmental monitoring before and after disinfection. RESULTS Most of the isolated strains were environmental microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were also isolated, and a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain was identified. Through typing and tracing the source, the multiple strains of A. Baumannii were found to be of different genetic origins and the two strains were from the same clonal line. Using original detection technology, no contamination of Salmonella and Shigella was found in the path. The new coronavirus and norovirus were not detected. However, the environmental pollution of rotavirus was obvious. CONCLUSION The risk of random transmission of rotavirus cannot completely solved by existing hand-sterilized regents. Timely or even frequent replacement of gloves is a simple solution in the workflow. The sterilized medical waste transfer vehicles are likely to become the pollution source of rotavirus after passing through a certain medical waste path. The medical waste disposal personnel should replace the rotating vehicle in time before entering other wards. In addition, due to the weak professional ability of cleaners, simple and easy process guidelines is the most effective solution at present.
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This paper analyzed the key issues and challenges confronted in the governance of Village B in the non-epicenter area in rural areas of China during the COVID-19 pandemic. It clarified the weak points in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in Village B. A triple emergency management mechanism of "people-materials-environment" in rural areas should be established. It came up with constructive recommendations for scientifically and effectively responding to public health emergencies in rural non-epicenter areas, which is helpful to improve the rationality, legality and scientific effectiveness of the construction of emergency response mechanisms in rural areas.
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The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), especially the sweeping spread of the delta variant, and differing public health management strategies, have rendered global eradication of SARS-CoV-2 unlikely. The currently available COVID-19 vaccines, including the inactivated whole virus vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and adenovirus-vectored vaccines, are effective in protecting people from severe disease and death from COVID-19, but they may not confer good mucosal immunity to prevent the establishment of infection and subsequent viral shedding and transmission. Mucosal vaccines delivered via intranasal route may provide a promising direction, which, if given as a third dose after a two-dose series of intramuscular vaccination, likely promotes mucosal immunity in addition to boosting the systemic cell-mediated immunity and antibody response. However, immunity induced by vaccination, and natural infection as well, is likely to wane followed by re-infection as in the case of human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1. It is a challenge to prevent and control COVID-19 worldwide with the increasing number of VOCs associated with increased transmissibility and changing antigenicity. Nevertheless, we may seek to end the current pandemic situation through mass vaccination and gradual relaxation of non-pharmaceutical measures, which would limit the incidence of severe COVID-19. Repeated doses of booster vaccine will likely be required, similar to influenza virus, especially for the elderly and the immunocompromised patients who are most vulnerable to infection.
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Traditional face-to-face teaching in medical schools has been suspended during the global COVID-19 pandemic, and remote online learning has consequently been implemented as an emergency measure. This study aims to share our experiences in exploring online teaching of human parasitology and to discuss the possible advantages, challenges and perspectives that we observed during Wuhan's lockdown due to the pandemic. The application of online education is likely to be an indispensable component of post-COVID-19 interactive online parasitology courses. Our experience might provide an example for the future development of interactive online medical courses.