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This review categorizes 62 zoonoses humans share with dogs based on their clinical, public health importance, and global distribution. Three categories were identified. Category 1 comprise the most widespread and public health important zoonoses and includes 13 zoonoses where dogs play an essential role in the maintenance and transmission of the infectious organisms. This category comprises Rabies lyssavirus, Leptospirosis, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei spp., Clonorchis sinsensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus spp., Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia multiceps, Dracunculus medinensis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp., and Strongyloides stercoralis Category 2 includes 24 zoonoses of lesser public health importance in which human or dog behavior plays a major role in transmission. Category 2 includes,Microsporum spp Prevotella., Bacteroides spp., Porphyromonas spp., Bergeyella zoohelcum, Neisseria spp., Pasteurella spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Yersina pestis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Dibothriocephalus latum, Spirometra spp., Schistosoma spp., Echinococcus canadensis, and Sarcoptes scabei var canis Category 3 includes human infection where the zoonotic infection link is rare but has occasionally implicated dogs. This category includes SARS-CoV-2,Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycobacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Coxiella burnetti, Helicobacter spp., Campylobacter spp., Brucella canis, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis hominis, Bacillus anthracis, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp., Trichuris vulpis, Gnathostoma spp., Thelazia spp., Dirofilaria spp., Onchocera lupi, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus spp., Fasciolopsis buski, Ctenocephalides felis, Cheyletiella spp., Otodectes cynotis, and Cochliomya homnivorax. Changes in human behavior and control of canine infection would reduce the public health importance of these zoonoses.
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This article briefly describes the characteristics of each generation from the 1940s to the 2020s, the challenges of communication between these generations in the veterinary profession (including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic) and the importance of developing awareness to better understand generational challenges, work together to meet both personal and professional objectives and communicate clearly, effectively and professionally to meet the needs of clients and their pets.
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As the SARS-COVID19 pandemic abruptly curtailed our prime objective, the team resorted to assisting local practices as best it could, before restarting the peripatetic mission later in 2020.
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The authors summarize the current knowledge about FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) using the latest scientific literature and their own experiences. The feline coronaviruses, both the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and the FIP virus (FIPV) belong to the same Alphacoronovirus 1 species, in the Alphocoronovirus genus within the Coronoviridoe family, and infect wild and domestic felids. FIPV is the mutated form of the ubiquitous and contagious feline enteric coronavirus. which, in contrast, causes a fatal and non -infectious illness. The letha, disease cevelops in only a subset of infected cats as a result of complex immunopatho-logical processes. The clinical manifestation of the disease is very diverse, the effusive form ("wet form") has a more rapid course than the non-effusive form ("dry form"). However, these two main manifestations are rather the endpoints of a continuum of diseases. Macroscopically the wet form is characterized by effusions in the serosal cavities, and the dry form by perivascular (pyo)granulomas in the organs. The most characteristic histological lesions are granulo-matous to necrotizing vasculitis in the wet form, and vas-acentric pyogranulomatous inflammation in the dry form. Ante-mortem diagnosis of the disease is challenging yet extremely important, partially because of recent successes in therapy. The most reliable diagnosis is likely to be made only post-mortem, but a properly constructed diagnostic workflow can be similarly effective. Although the active substances of previous successful therapies are relatively easily available, they are not approved for veterinary use. In the absence of an effective vaccine, prevention is based mainly on epidemiological considerations and the reduction of stressors that unnecessarily affect the cats. Presenting the example of FIP and COVID-19, it is perfectly understandable why the experience of different drugs in the treatment of animal curonaviral infections can be of tremendous value in preparing their use in human experiments.
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In late 2019, covid-19 was initiated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) due to a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or (SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 not only has claimed four million lives and influenced millions of people but also has confined the movement of the population in most of the world. Until now, covid-19 is the leading challenge in terms of economic, health, and humanitarian in the 21 century. Various animal infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) along with the significant covid-19 cases, deaths, and hospitalizations in humans. Therefore, this increased the concern of pet keepers. Furthermore, further explanation is required for the disease dynamics, mainly regarding the human-animal transmission of the virus and vice versa. Thus, this study's is to collect data from reported cases of covid-19 transmission in animals by reviewing published articles. Despite the numerous SARS-CoV-2 transmission instances, further and cautious studies are essential for avoiding the maltreatment incidence in animals. Hence, a better comprehension is obtained of the disease dynamics in the environment, animals, and humans. This article lists corona reports in various animals. More studies on the animal-human interface can be effective in formulating and implementing preventive measures for combating the further covid-19 transmission.
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Objective: To learn the prevalence and genotypic diversity of canine coronavirus(CCoV)in healthy and diarrhea dogs in Shandong Province.
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Background: Prior to the present research, the last nationally representative survey on the number and habits of Hungarian cog-keeping households was conducted in 2018, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hungarian dog-keeping has not been studies so far. Some international sources consider the increase in the number of keepers of companion animals to be an accompanying effect of the quarantine period, the question was whether the situation is similar in Hungary. Changes in the number of animal keepers and pets, as well as changes in animal keeping habits, also have a significant impact on animal welfare. Objectives: Our study focuses on the changes of the number and demographic composition of dog keepers by the summer of 2021, on the source from which the dogs enter households, and on the opinion of dog keepers about issues related to their dog and responsible animal keeping in general. Materials and Methods: The results are based on a quantitative (n = 10 01) survey compiled through telephone interviews, which is representative to the Hungarian adult population in terms of age, sex, and geographical distribution, of households. Results and Discussion: The results show a significant increase in dog-keeping households, which rose from approximately one-third to one-half of all Hungarian households. Dog keepers are. rather women, and the proportion of those over 60 years old has increased. Most dog keepers are concentrated in Pest county (14.3%) and Budapest (11.1%) within Hungary. Many dog keepers still buy dogs without pedigrees (10.7%), and the proportion of animals adopted from smelters is relatively low (14.9%). For more than three-quarters of dog keepers, the cost of dog-keeping does not seem to be a problem. With very few exceptions, dog keepers agree that the basics of responsible animal keeping should be taught for children (98.3%) and that the state should support the national neutering programme (95.2%).
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Since the appearance of COVID-19 in humans, there have been numerous reports of dogs and cats being infected with SARS-CoV-2, with cats appearing to be particularly susceptible. The portal of entry of the virus into the body's cells is a membrane receptor called ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) belonging to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The ACE2 receptor is expressed in airway epithelial cells, myocardium, venous and arterial endothelial cells, kidney, liver, oral cavity, intestine and also adipose tissue, explaining the diversity of clinical expression of the disease, with respiratory manifestations predominating. SARS-CoV-2 causes an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In addition, the virus has a direct action combined with an immune reaction, that is sometimes intense, causing a cascade of lesions, mainly in the lungs but also in the heart. The clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains rare in dogs and cats and mainly includes fever, depression, anorexia, digestive, respiratory or ocular disorders. As in humans, various cardiovascular clinical signs are less frequently seen. Several cases of myocarditis, correlated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test (PCR or serology), have been identified in England and at least one in France. In the latter case, further investigation led to a strong suspicion of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy complicated by myocarditis. It is highly likely that obesity (with significant fat deposition in the pleural and pericardial spaces, tissues with high expression of the ACE2 receptor) may have favoured these complications. SARS-CoV-2 infection should therefore now be included in the differential diagnosis of agents causing myocarditis and pneumonia in both cats and dogs.
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Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) are widespread in some cat populations. Animals are asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic carriers in the majority of cases. In 5 to 10% of cases, cats will develop a severe clinical form, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which is almost always fatal. FIP is caused by mutations, which have not yet been identified with certainty, of the low pathogenic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). This article presents recent data on the management of infected cats. Diagnosis remains complicated as there is no test to differentiate FECV from its pathogenic variant, feline coronavirus causing FIP (FIPV). There is currently no vaccine that has shown sufficient efficacy in the field to prevent the occurrence of FIP. However, in various preliminary studies, several therapeutic strategies have been shown to have a promising level of efficacy. Trial confirmation is required before a marketing authorisation can be issued and these drugs can be used for the treatment of FIP.
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The concept of animal-human transmission has become much more important during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this research we Were interested in the average people's knowledge of zoonotic diseases and that how and what do they think about the involvement of animals in an epidemic;situation. The questionnaire was a continuous survey with qualitative single and multiple Choice e'r'uestiens, and with questions requiring a short text response. It started with a section on personal data, followed by questions on awareness of different zoonotic diseases and then questions on the Covid-19 epidemic. The survey was conducted Online and anonymously. In addition to elementary statistical methods, we calculated the Yule index using a two-dimensional contingency table. and the Cramer coefficient using the Chi-square method and made conclusions based on these. We received a total of 846 valuable responses, As expected, the topic seemed to be interesting mainly to animal owners, yet 15.2% of non-pet owners also completed it;The answers revealed that people's awareness of various diseases is extremely divided, and 82% of the respondents do not know the exact meaning of 20.0- n'osi's. Besides the well-known rabies and dog parvovirus, we asked questions about diseases that are less obvious (e.g., toxoplasmosis) and less known (e.g., strangles). Our research also revealed that there is strong correlation between the responses and whether the particular disease has been featured in the media in the recent years. Since there were countless news about COVlD-19 saying that it is also spread by animals, we wanted to see how people think about their pets in a similar situation. 275% assumed that the pandemic had affected their lives and their relationship with their pets. We asked how this would change if we were weighed down by an epidemic that is proven to be zoonotic. Only 1% said, they would abandon their animals if that happens. The responsibility of veterinarians in an epidemic;situation involving animals should be emphasised as a reliable source of information for pet owners.
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Due to changes in consumption trends, the pet economy(e.g., buying, feeding, and caring for pets) has emerged in recent years. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers have become eager to alleviate stress and anxiety through interactions with animals. Consumer interest in adopting pets is growing, along with a surge in the adoption rate. The rapid rise of the pet economy has also fueled the development of related industries, such as the food industry, medical industry, and Internet industry. Therefore, integrating pets into consumer experience and marketing communication has received increasing attention. Pets can give people a warm feeling. In the hospitality industry, it is important for service personnel to make customers feel at home. Previous studies have mainly focused on how to improve the service quality of employees to make customers feel more warmth from the perspective of human characteristics(e.g., expression, appearance). However, in the current context of the pet economy, pets, cute, warm and therapeutic, have been applied to the hospitality industry. They bring customers a novel accommodation experience as housekeepers. What if these clues of warmth are shown to consumers in advance in the marketing process of B&B? Can they influence consumers' attitudes? In other words, in the online marketing of B&B, can pets be used as a carrier of warmth to transfer consumers' warm perception of pets to warm impressions of service personnel, and can pet images become a key clue to influence consumers' consumption decisions? If so, what is the mechanism?At present, academic research in this area is still insufficient. Against this background, three experiments were designed to verify the warmth transmission effect of pets, as well as its psychological mechanism(i.e., perceived social presence) and the boundary condition(i.e., an individual's attitude towards pets). In experiment 1, text material was used to conduct a simulation experiment. Differences in customers' perception of the warmth attribute of the B&B host(main service personnel of B&B) under two conditions(with and without cute pet images) were compared to verify the main effect that pet images have a positive impact on consumers' perception of the warmth of the B&B host. In experiment 2, a situational experiment was conducted with pictures of pet dogs to verify the main effect again. Meanwhile, the internal mechanism of the pet warmth transmission effect was also analyzed. The study revealed the mediating effect of perceived social presence. In experiment 3, it was found that the boundary condition of the pet warmth transmission effect is consumers' different attitudes towards pets after replacing pictures of pet dogs with those of cats. To conclude,firstly, compared with pictures of the B&B environment without pets, those with pets can enhance the customer's warmth perception of the host. Additionally, the increase in perceived social presence is the key psychological mechanism of the pet warmth transmission effect. Finally, the more positive the attitude of consumers toward pets, the more likely they can perceive the evidence of the social presence of the B&B host and improve their perception of the warmth impression of the host. Unlike previous studies from the perspective of individual characteristics of service personnel, this paper took pets, the appendage of service providers, as the research object to explore the influence of pets on customers' impression and perception of the B&B host. Also, it revealed the internal mechanism and boundary condition of the warmth transmission effect. These findings provide B&B operators with a fresh marketing perspective and have practical significance in promoting the integration of the pet economy and hospitality industry.
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SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), the pathogenic agent of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), has caused more than 400 million cases and more than 5 million deaths worldwide. Current transmission of COVID-19 is from human to human;but in turn, several animal species were reported to be susceptible to SARSCoV- 2 infection, both experimentally and naturally. Natural infections in dogs and cats by SARS-CoV-2, acquired from humans with COVID-19, have occurred in numerous countries. However, at present, the natural circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and wild animals is limited. The strategic approach of "One Health" allow the study of human-animal-environment interfaces to understand the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 spread in new host populations, being essential to maintain epidemiological surveillance in animals.
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This article highlights information on the beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity of dogs, effects of grass consumption, and the breeding and care of dogs.
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Many pandemic diseases have emerged in the history and millions of people affected from these diseases. Among the marked pandemics in history, the plague, known as the black death, was recorded to cause the death of 17-54% of the world population. Similar to previous pandemics, as the SARS CoV-2, which emerged in 2019 and belonged to the coronavirus family, caused an epidemic and turned into a pandemic infection, positive cases were detected in more than 483 million people, and more than 6.1 million people died. While this emerging epidemic is still continuing its effects, it has been determined that there are positive cases in pets such as dogs and cats, especially in mink (Neovison vison). Especially in Denmark, Netherlands and Finland, positive animals for COVID-19 were accepted. Unlike the pandemic until today, the COVID-19 has spread to broader geographies and affected many animal species. With the reports that the SARS-CoV-2 - was first transmitted from bats to humans, this viral agent has been accepted as zoonotic, but a complete transmission route has not been shown for its transmission from other animals to humans except bats. It is reported that there is no significant risk of transmission of the virus, which is transmitted primarily by the respiratory route, from both pets and edible foods to humans. Although there are many reports in terrestrial animals, studies on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 - in aquatic animals or aquatic environments and COVID-19 transmission in aquatic animals have doubts. Here we reviewed the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 - in the aquatic environment, transmission to the aquatic ecosystem and aquatic animals, and therefore the risks to humans through water or aquatic products.
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A male Munchkin cat was brought to a small animal teaching hospital at Mahanakorn University of Technology. The patient presentation with vomiting, chronic diarrhea, and intermittent fever. From history-taking, the owner previously had a cat that was diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) living in the same house but had isolated in a separate area. Fecal examination revealed bacterial enteritis. Hematology and blood chemistry results shown lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and low serum albumin/globulin ratio (0.3 A: G ratio). Abdominal ultrasound revealed mesenteric lymph node (MLN) enlargement and cholecystitis. Cell cytology from the liver and MLN revealed suppurative inflammation. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was negative for the Feline coronavirus (FCoV) in the blood sample. On the 4th day of treatment, the cat developed pleural and peritoneal effusion. Thoracentesis and abdominocentesis were performed and submitted for analysis. The fluid's results were classified as modified transudate, low A: G ratio (0.3), Rivalta's test (positive), and positive for FCoV by using RT-PCR. On the 8th day of treatment, the cat died from systemic hypotension. Viscous straw yellow-colored fluid and pyogranulomatous lesions at the liver, lung, kidney, and MLN were observed from the necropsy. Histopathology's results shown severe suppurative inflammation in all the above organs. FIP was confirmed by detected FCoV antigen in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the kidney and lung tissue by immunohistochemistry staining.