Feeling ready to volunteer after COVID-19? The role of psychological capital and mental health in predicting intention to continue doing volunteer tourism activities

The study attempted to examine the impact of young volunteer tourists' psychological capital and negative mental health/well-being issues caused by exposure to stressful events on their intention to continue doing volunteer tourism activities. Also, the aim was to examine the moderation of social and organizational support in the association between psychological capital, mental health/well-being, and volunteers' intentions. Findings from the structural analysis indicated that volunteer tourists' mental health/well-being issues could significantly impact their intentions. Also, it was shown that psychological capital was a strong predictor of undesirable behaviors and feelings for volunteer tourists. Hence, the results indicated that model of the Theory of Planned Behavior can be extended by inserting two new critical constructs (psychological capital and mental health/well-being issues) that can have effects on fostering tourists' intention to continue volunteering. In addition, organizational and social support played an important moderating role. Based on the proposed research model, we presented important implications for volunteer tourism organizations to meet volunteers' needs and encourage positive intention.

Heterogeneity of inbound tourism driven by exchange rate fluctuations: implications for tourism business recovery and resilience in Australia

Quantifying risk spillovers from exchange rates to inbound tourist arrivals by purpose of visit is essential for Australia to take proactive measures to achieve tourism business recovery and resilience after such critical events like the recent bushfires and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a monthly dataset over the period January 1998–March 2020, this paper calculates the conditional value-at-risk (CoVaR) to evaluate how different types of inbound tourists to Australia respond to exchange rate fluctuations. The empirical results identify inbound tourist arrivals with the highest sensitivity to exchange rate fluctuations, confirming the role of exchange rates in determining inbound tourist arrivals by purpose of visit. Furthermore, these results shed light on provisions of tourism products, services, and infrastructural facilities to satisfy different requirements of Australia's inbound tourists by purpose of visit, aiming to promote tourism business recovery and resilience in Australia.

Quality control circle applied to improve the compliance rate of infection control and prevention measures for staff in the medical observation isolation area for overseas tourists

Objective To ensure the safety of both doctors and patients，we should strengthen the management of infection control in the medical observation isolation area for overseas tourists，and continuously improve the compliance rate of infection control prevention measures. Methods In Mar 2020，the domestic COVID-19 was under control，however the overseas epidemic began to spread. As a designated screening hospital for overseas tourists，to prevent the occurrence of nosocomial infections caused by imported cases from abroad，the department carried out quality control prevention circle activities with the theme of"improving the compliance rate of infection control and prevention measures for staff in the medical observation and isolation area of overseas passengers”and determined four countermeasures implementation plans based on current situation grasp，goal setting，cause analysis and countermeasure formulation. Results Compared before and after the implementation of QCC，the compliance rate of the prevention measures of the staff in the medical observation and quarantine area for overseas passengers was increased from 45.08% to 91.54%，and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.001）.The target achievement rate was 84.43%，and the progress rate was 108.85%. Conclusion The quality control circle activities can improve the compliance rate of infection control and prevention measures for staff in the medical observation quarantine area for overseas tourists，thereby ensuring the safety of patients and staff. © 2022 Fudan University. All rights reserved.

Encouraging System towards Severe Slope Way for Nervous Tourists

Recently, tourism contents concerning a slope way has attracted lots of attention. A severe slope way has significant risk for tourists to abort their plan because of avoiding to be tired. However, its solution is not fully developed. In Post-Covid (Coronavirus disease)-19 environment, support for tourism in an actual field could become imperative again. Therefore, the present paper develops and evaluates a system to reduce the above-mentioned negative factor of a slope way. Concretely, we propose the following three menus in our system: 1) a menu to show some useful or helpful spots existing along a severe slope way, 2) a menu to show how much useful for diet trial based on the gap of two elevations such as the highest and lowest points, and 3) a communication menu to helpful character emerging along a severe slope way. We develop these three menus and provide tourists with positive factors derived from walking a slope way. It also brings some novel values of a severe slope way walking. We have evaluated our pilot system by the following two method: (1) evaluation experiment with some subjects, and (2) interviews to tourism professionals. Both of their results shows that our system would be useful in order to encourage nervous tourists towards a severe slope way. © 2022 IEEE.

Analyzing diversity amongst visitors of Portuguese wine routes based on their wine involvement

Purpose>This paper focuses on the wine tourist market in the central region of Portugal, and it aims to analyze the wine tourist's demographic and travel behavior and preferences profile, based on their level of wine involvement.Design/methodology/approach>This paper presents results from an exploratory study with a quantitative design, including a total of 1,029 survey responses from visitors of three wine routes. A K-mean cluster analysis was carried out, and the emerging groups of wine tourists were statistically compared (ANOVA or Chi-squared test).Findings>Participants present a demographic profile of the wine route visitor similar to that found in other studies, with an average involvement with wine. There were three clusters of wine tourists, with different levels of involvement with wine: less wine-involved;medium wine-involved;and highly wine-involved. Significant differences between the three mentioned categories are visible for gender, age and attractions visited and expenses, suggesting the possibility of a differentiated market approach. Additionally, most respondents report high interest in a variety of attractions that are not exclusively wine-related. This finding supports the conceptualization of (particularly rural) wine tourism as "terroir tourism.”Research limitations/implications>The pandemic context in which data collection was undertaken led to a smaller sample than expected, which was also more domestic than would have been in "non-COVID” times.Practical implications>This study provides relevant insights about visitors of wine routes in Central Portugal, which may resonate in other wine tourism destinations. Implications for both theory and practice are also discussed.Originality/value>This paper fulfills an identified need to study the wine tourism market in the Central Region of Portugal and expands our understanding about wine tourists' profiles, behavior and interests, adding with empirical findings to the debate on heterogeneity in the wine tourist market, the role of wine involvement and of terroir.

Touristification, smartization, and social sustainability in European regions

Touristification and smartization processes are commonly associated with economic growth strategies. Here we emphasize and demonstrate the need to consider the implication of these processes on social sustainability. Initial results imply that: (1) regions not specialized in tourism are associated with a lower share of population in poverty;and (2) regions' ‘smartness' level is negatively associated with the share of poverty. However, in regions highly specialized in tourism, smartization demonstrated an opposite association of increased intra-regional poverty. As residents' quality of life is becoming a key policy consideration, understanding the effect of these socio-economic processes on socially sustainable growth has timely implications for regional planning, including for post-COVID-19 recovery strategies.

Application of theory to literary tourism: a comparison of parasocial interaction theory and co-creation theory

During the COVID-19 quarantine, reading increased worldwide and with it the demand for literary tourism. While previous research has examined the motivations for literary tourists, no generalizable theory has emerged. After analyzing the previous work on literary tourism, this study compared the applicability of parasocial interaction theory and co-creation theory for literary tourists. This study conducted four surveys of both literary society members and the general public. Most of the antecedents of co-creation theory were significant for literary tourists while two of the antecedents of parasocial interaction theory were applicable for the public, although the overall model was supported. For researchers, this is one of the first papers to apply social science theories to literary tourism. For literary destinations, partnering with literary societies can attract guests who want to help create the experience for themselves and other society members.

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Intention to Proximity Travel under the COVID-19.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought increasing attention to proximity travel. This mode of travel is a convenient travel setup for both tourists and neighboring destinations. With the help of the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB), this study investigates the influence of tourists' perception of epidemic risk on their intentions for proximity travel during the normalization of epidemic prevention and control. This study takes Shenzhen, China as the research area, and carried out the investigation in the context of normalization of the epidemic in China. A total of 489 pieces of valid sample data were collected through questionnaire surveys. Statistical analysis software, such as SPSS26.0 and AMOS23.0, were used to analyze the collected data information quantitatively, including descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity test, CFA and SEM. The results showed that attitude, subjective norms, positive anticipated emotions, and perceptual behavior control have significant positive effects on travel desire. Travel desire has a significant positive impact on travel intention, whereas negative anticipated emotions have no significant effect on travel desire. Meanwhile, the epidemic risk perception has a significant positive effect on attitudinal travel desire and travel intention. Under the background of the COVID-19, the stronger that the epidemic risk is perceived by tourists, the more the desire and intention to proximity travel are enhanced.

DE LAS CIUDADES TURISTIFICADAS AL ESCENARIO PANDÉMICO: LA PARADOJA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN

La "reinvención" de las ciudades, mediante el turismo masivo y la reconfiguración de sus barrios céntricos, ha transformado estas en espacios de consumo y entretenimiento. El objetivo del texto es reflexionar sobre cómo este proceso ha acarreado importantes externalidades negativas a sus ciudadanos, para a continuación, poner énfasis en los cambios que las restricciones de movilidad provocadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19 supusieron para los habitantes de dos ciudades españolas turistificadas, Barcelona y Madrid. También indaga sobre las posibles alternativas hacia un turismo post-COVID más sostenible e inclusivo. La metodología contempla una amplia revisión bibliográfica sobre los procesos de gentrificación y de turistificación y sus contradicciones, la búsqueda de datos oficiales sobre la evolución del turismo internacional -y español- durante los períodos prepandémico y pandémico, y la elaboración de cuadros y gráficos. Entre los resultados, destaca un análisis sobre lo que significó para los ciudadanos de estas ciudades, la restricción de la actividad turística: el aumento de su protagonismo en los espacios públicos, en los comercios locales y también en el mercado inmobiliario, usurpado en las últimas décadas, por los procesos de turistificación y gentrificación.Alternate :The "reinvention" of cities, through mass tourism and the reconfiguration of their downtown neighborhoods, has transformed them into spaces for consumption and entertainment. The objective of the text is to reflect on how this process has brought significant negative externalities to its citizens, and then, emphasize the changes that the mobility restrictions caused by the pandemia of the COVID-19 meant for the inhabitants of two Spanish tourist cities, Barcelona and Madrid. It also investigates possible alternatives towards more sustainable and inclusive postcovid tourism. The methodology contemplates a wide bibliographic review of the processes of gentrification and tourist and their contradictions, the search for official data on the evolution of international -and spanish- tourism during pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, and the elaboration of tables and graphics. Among the results, stands out an analysis of what the restriction of tourist activity meant for the citizens of these cities: the increase in their protagonism in public spaces, in local shops and also in the real estate market, usurped in recent decades, due to the processes of touristification and gentrification.

Guest satisfaction and dissatisfaction with hotels in Vrnjacka Banja: the situation analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic

The development of domestic tourism is marked as one of the positive changes caused by the COVID-19 virus pandemic. The always popular spa destinations in Serbia are becoming more and more visited. Accordingly, it is necessary to determine which factors lead to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of domestic guests in hotels. This paper will examine the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of hotel guests who shared their experiences through reviews on the Booking.com platform. The sample consisted of hotel guests in Vrnjacka Banja, because this destination stands out as the most visited during the coronary virus pandemic in Serbia. During August 2021, a total of 533 reviews of domestic tourists were collected, and the analysis of the obtained data was performed with the help of the SPSS 20 social science package and the RapidMiner data mining software. The analysis of the results revealed that a total of 8 factors affected the satisfaction of hotel guests during the corona virus pandemic, while a total of 5 factors influenced the dissatisfaction. The obtained results will help hotel managers in creating adequate strategies to improve those factors that are a source of dissatisfaction of guests such as the service provided, room equipment or additional facilities.

Linking residents' perceptions of pandemic quality of life with their support for sustainable tourism development in the post-COVID-19 era

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed tourist flows, reducing the number of international tourist arrivals around the world. One of the ways to protect the tourism industry from the ongoing health crisis was through the stimulation of domestic and proximity tourism. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia, domestic tourists were attracted tospa destinations such as Vrnjacka Banja. Thus, residents of this small-town destination experienced a great influx of tourists, alteringtheir everyday lives. This paper examines the quality of life domains of Vrnjacka Banja residents during the pandemic and their support for sustainable tourism initiatives in the viable future. Study findings suggest that spirituality and support from friends and general quality of life as identified domains of quality of life during the pandemic emerged as antecedents of support for sustainable tourism. The study contributes to the existing tourism knowledge by acknowledging the capacity of different domains of resident' quality of life in the pandemic context to frame future sustainable tourism initiatives.

Encouraging System towards Severe Slope Way for Nervous Tourists

Recently, tourism contents concerning a slope way has attracted lots of attention. A severe slope way has significant risk for tourists to abort their plan because of avoiding to be tired. However, its solution is not fully developed. In Post-Covid (Coronavirus disease)-19 environment, support for tourism in an actual field could become imperative again. Therefore, the present paper develops and evaluates a system to reduce the above-mentioned negative factor of a slope way. Concretely, we propose the following three menus in our system: 1) a menu to show some useful or helpful spots existing along a severe slope way, 2) a menu to show how much useful for diet trial based on the gap of two elevations such as the highest and lowest points, and 3) a communication menu to helpful character emerging along a severe slope way. We develop these three menus and provide tourists with positive factors derived from walking a slope way. It also brings some novel values of a severe slope way walking. We have evaluated our pilot system by the following two method: (1) evaluation experiment with some subjects, and (2) interviews to tourism professionals. Both of their results shows that our system would be useful in order to encourage nervous tourists towards a severe slope way. © 2022 IEEE.

Scheduling Closure Periods Is Not an Effective Management Strategy to Reduce Lampenflora in Show Caves

The conversion of wild caves into tourist sites poses serious threats to the conservation of subterranean environments. Among them, the extensive growth of photosynthetic biofilms induced by artificial lighting—the so-called lampenflora—is of particular concern for cave managers. The identification of cost-effective management actions controlling the growth of lampenflora is therefore required to preserve the environmental and touristic values of show caves. By taking advantage of the closure period imposed to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, we tested whether 6 months of cave closure could be an effective strategy to reduce the concentration of photosynthetic biofilms on speleothems in four geographically close Italian show caves. We compared the concentration of the three main microorganism groups composing lampenflora, i.e., cyanobacteria, diatoms, and green algae, measured in September 2020 with values recorded 6 months after the closure, in May 2021. Although slight variations have been observed across the different sampling sessions, we did not detect any significant effect of the closure period on the overall concentration values of lampenflora. Also, we recorded no significant differences in lampenflora concentration after 4 months of regular tourist use, in September 2021. Our results suggest that management practices based on regulating visits to show caves are not effective strategies to reduce lampenflora. Therefore, management practices aiming at a sustainable use of show caves should focus on the active removal of photosynthetic biofilms.

Understanding the dynamics of destination loyalty: a longitudinal investigation into the drivers of revisit intentions

Despite much previous research, gaps remain in our understanding of why satisfied tourists with positive destination images do not revisit favoured destinations. Recent research proposes sensory impressions as a complementary determinant of revisit intentions alongside destination image. This study initially compares how these two drivers influence changes in tourist behavioural loyalty over time, especially after the trip. Through a combination of a longitudinal field experiment and a survey, the studies found that a natural decline in willingness to revisit over time was largely associated with a fast fade-out of sensory impressions. Furthermore, we examined the effects on tourists with differing levels of experience, finding that for tourists who have visited several times, only sensory impressions play a significant role in willingness to revisit. Implications for tourism and hospitality industry recovery after the COVID-19 outbreak are outlined.

Rethinking tourism development: theoretical perspectives - concluding synopsis

This chapter shows that Sondre Svalastog' theory still remains relevant and applicable, producing an important perspective for today's tourism market and practitioners. For example, Svalastog's identification of tourism competencies connected to tourist typologies is fundamental to the development of tourism in today's competitive environment. Additionally, key elements in the applicability of Svalastog's thesis are discussed in relation to post-tourists and overtourism, climate change, rural development, the COVID-19 pandemic, technology, digitalization, virtuality and Web3, and product development and niches.

Solidarity during times of crisis through co-creation

Solidarity tourism provides tourists with the opportunity to help others who are suffering during crisis by offering shared resources and a sense of community. Although solidarity in times of crisis promises attention to tourists' desires and wellbeing, there is limited evidence of this. This paper aims to understand how solidarity occurs in times of crisis by applying value co-creation. A total of 21,719 traveller posts were thematically analysed to reveal that solidarity can be achieved in various contexts through tourists' co-created care practices, which have emotional and cognitive value. Practices include co-producing, connecting, co-advocating, co-suffering and consuming collaboratively. This paper conceptualises and illustrates solidarity as a relational practice, which is an effective means of support during crises.

Tourism water use during the COVID-19 shutdown: a natural experiment in Hawai'i

Many popular tourist destinations are on small islands whose resources are in limited supply, and the effects of climate change and burgeoning tourism tend to worsen the outlook. In this study, we identify the relationship between tourism and water use on the Hawaiian island of O'ahu. Hawai'i closed almost entirely to tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, which provides a unique natural experiment to study the relationship between tourism and water use. We estimate a 1% decline in the number of tourists was associated with a 0.4% to 0.65% lower water use in the hotel sector. However, no such relationship was found in the Airbnb market, which we hypothesize is due to work-from-home arrangements in the residential sector during the pandemic.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on beach tourism on India

COVID-19 Pandemic has a profound Impact on the Indian tourism sector, especially on beach tourism. Research shows significant changes in the pattern of the ecological terrain of coastal areas and on the community dependent on tourism business and marine life, due to the imposition of lockdown for several months. The paper discusses the change in behavioral patterns of people during Pre and Post COVID-19 for visiting any beach destination in near future in terms of preferences in accommodation, selection of beaches based on crowd and other factors that will be considered in post pandemic days. This study brings out various key indicators shaping the pattern of beach holidays in the future based on the survey conducted among tourists belonging to youth population. The survey considered the tourists preferences of visits and factors they would look upon to choose beach holidaying in the Post COVID-19 years. The influence of the pandemic on quality of beaches, visitors' willingness to visit beaches in future, Post Pandemic opportunities and strategies of destinations for shaping tourism further have also been examined.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourist visits to maribor in 2020 and 2021

The author notes that the number of tourist visits to Maribor before the pandemic increased significantly, and reaching a peak in 2018 with 466 thousand overnight stays and in 2019 with 218 thousand tourists. In 2020 and 2021, the tourist activity was subject to various restrictive measures taken at the global and national levels due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and tourist visits fell dramatically. The number of tourists in 2020 reached about 72 thousand, which was only 33% of the tourists from 2019 and was lower than before year 1964 and lower than in the period between 1991-2007. There was a slightly smaller decrease in the number of overnight stays, which in 2020 reached 43% of overnight stays from 2019. The decrease was mainly due to the decline in foreign tourist visits, especially from more distant countries and outside Europe. In 2020, most tourists visited Maribor from countries within a radius of about 300-700 km, from which mostly tourists came by car, as most of them decided on shorter and closer trips for safety reasons.

Motivators and inhibitors of inbound tourists to select India as a travel destination during COVID-19 pandemic

Tourist behavior is extremely susceptible to disruption by crisis and pandemics at the destination. Currently, tourism is rigorously encountering novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. Hence, it is crucial to understand the behavior of tourists in such a pandemic situation to comprehend the strategic planning for the survival of the industry. The present research, therefore, investigates the travel behavior of inbound tourists to India following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic with emphasis to understand factors motivating and inhibiting tourists select India as a tourist destination. The study also examined the difference in tourist perception regarding these factors based on demographic features. The study used tourists' responses conveniently collected through a web-based self-administered survey questionnaire. The collected data processed and analyzed by using suitable statistical tools with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study discovered important motivators such as accessibility enrichment, media coverage, and sympathy & courage, whereas the inhibitors were noticed as accessibility breakdown, inherent discomfort, and extrinsic affairs along with the significant difference in perception as per demographic features of respondents. The study provides implications for industry players that help in search of revival and resilience strategies for the comeback of the tourism sector of the country.