Subsidizing Labour Hoarding in Recessions: The Employment and Welfare Effects of Short-time Work

Short-time work (STW) policies provide subsidies for hour reductions to workers in firms experiencing temporary shocks. They are the main policy tool used to support labour hoarding during downturns and were aggressively used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet, very little is known about their employment and welfare consequences. This article leverages unique administrative social security data from Italy and quasi-experimental variation in STW policy rules to offer evidence on the effects of STW on firms' and workers' outcomes during the Great Recession. Our results show large and significant negative effects of STW treatment on hours, but large and positive effects on headcount employment. We then analyse whether these positive employment effects are welfare enhancing, distinguishing between temporary and more persistent shocks. We first provide evidence that liquidity constraints and rigidities in wages and hours may make labour hoarding inefficiently low without STW. Then, we show that adverse selection of low productivity firms into STW reduces the long-run insurance value of the program and creates significant negative reallocation effects when the shock is persistent.

An uncertainty measure based on Pearson correlation as well as a multiscale generalized Shannon-based entropy with financial market applications

In this research, we intended to employ the Pearson correlation and a multiscale generalized Shannon-based entropy to trace the transition and type of inherent mutual information as well as correlation structures simultaneously. An optimal value for scale is found to prevent over smoothing, which leads to the removal of useful information. The lowest Singular Value Decomposition Multiscale Generalized Cumulative Residual Entropy (SVDMWGCRE), or SVD Entropy (SVDE), is obtained for periodic–chaotic series, generated by logistic map;hence, the different dynamic, correlation structures, and intrinsic mutual information have been characterized correctly. It is found out that the mutual information between emerging markets entails higher sensitivity, and moreover emerging markets have demonstrated the highest uncertainty among investigated markets. Additionally, the fractional order has synergistic effects on the enhancement of sensitivity with the multiscale feature. According to the logistic map and financial time series results, it can be inferred that the logistic map can be utilized as a financial time series. Further investigations can be performed in other fields through this financial simulation. The temporal evolutions of financial markets are also investigated. Although the results demonstrated higher noisy information for emerging markets, it was illustrated that emerging markets are getting more efficient over time. Additionally, the temporal investigations have demonstrated long-term lag and synchronous phases between developed and emerging markets. We also focused on the COVID-19 pandemic and compared the reactions of developing and emerging markets. It is ascertained that emerging markets have demonstrated higher uncertainty and overreaction to this pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences & Numerical Simulation is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Customer satisfaction and customer retention as a result of e-Service quality after the COVID-19 breakdown

With various technological innovation and digital payment system, customer expectations for the banking services has raised and these changes have paved a way for superior customer quality and satisfaction. The present study has utilized e-servqual modified model and format to evaluate the banking service satisfaction and retentions. The online survey has been distributed and collected among 167 people in Chennai city using a non-probability sampling technique. Furthermore the present study employed SPSS software to evaluate the banking service quality and satisfaction among the potential customers. As a result of e-servqual quality dimensions a positive association has been identified among potential retained customers.

Inequalities in the times of a pandemic

This paper summarizes some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses avenues for policy intervention over the medium and long runs.

Distribution of COVID-19 government support and its consequences for firm liquidity and solvency.

We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The results, drawing on the experience of a small open European country, suggest the distributed COVID-19 subsidies save non-negligible number of jobs and sustain economic activity during the first wave of the pandemic. General distribution rules designed on the fly may bring close to optimal results in terms of the support allocation, as relatively more productive, privately owned, foreign-demand oriented firms are prioritized and firms with a high environmental footprint or zombie firms record a relatively lower chance of obtaining government funding. By assuming constant cost elasticities to sales, we show that the pandemic deteriorates strongly firm profits and increases significantly the share of illiquid and insolvent firms. Government wage subsidies somewhat mitigate firm losses and have statistically significant effect, but relatively mild compared to the size of the economic shock. Our estimates also confirm that larger firms, receiving smaller relative size of the support, have more space to cover their additional liquidity needs by increasing trade liabilities or liabilities to affiliated entities, while SMEs face higher risk of insolvencies.

Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften, nachhaltig finanziert: Herausforderungen für die Politik in den 2020er Jahren

Sowohl die Bewältigung der Corona-Pandemie als auch die Anpassung der Wirtschaft an Erfordernisse der Nachhaltigkeit verlangen staatliche Investitionen. Dominika Langenmayr und Ferdinand Mittermaier analysieren in diesem Beitrag, wie diese finanziert werden sollten. Das Ziel der Staatsfinanzierung sollte ihres Erachtens darin bestehen, die Gesellschaft bei der Bewältigung langfristiger Herausforderungen zu unterstützen. Neben der Effizienz stehen die intra- und intergenerationelle Gerechtigkeit sowie administrative Kosten im Fokus. Die Autoren plädieren für die Ausgabe langlaufender Staatsanleihen und eine an der Zinslast ausgerichtete Schuldenregel, welche die demographische Entwicklung berücksichtigt. Steuern sollten die Wirtschaft nicht in ihrer Innovationskraft einschränken. Bestehende Ineffizienzen (zum Beispiel in der Güter-, Einkommen- und Gewinnbesteuerung) gilt es zu beheben. So ließe sich mit einer neuen Ausgestaltung bestehender Steuern mehr Chancen- und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit erzielen.Alternate :Both coping with the corona pandemic and adapting the economy to the requirements of sustainability require state investments. Dominika Langenmayr and Ferdinand Mittermaier analyze in this article how these should be financed. In their opinion, the aim of public finance should be to help society cope with long-term challenges. In addition to efficiency, the focus is on intra- and intergenerational equity and administrative costs. The authors advocate the issue of long-term government bonds and a debt rule based on the interest burden, which takes demographic development into account. Taxes should not restrict the economy in its innovative strength. Existing inefficiencies (for example in the taxation of goods, income and profits) need to be remedied. With a new arrangement of existing taxes, more equality of opportunity and fairness of distribution could be achieved.