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The aim of this study is to establish an indirect ELISA technique for detecting the SIgA antibody against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) to evaluate its mucosal immunity. Firstly, the S1D gene (534-789 aa) of PEDV was cloned into the pET-28a(+) vector, and induced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by IPTG, the product of which was in the form of inclusion bodies. According to Western-blot, the target protein S1D with antigenic activity was 32 ku in molecular weight and could be well detected. Then, the S1D protein was denatured by 8 mol/L urea, purified and gradient as the coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA for detecting the PEDV specific SIgA antibody in nasal or oral mucus by optimizing conditions. And the optimal antigen coating concentration of ELISA was 2 micro g mL, the working concentrations of nasal mucus was 1:1 and the optimal blocking solution was 50 g/L skimmed milk, while the working concentrations and optimal blocking solution were 1:2 and 30 g/L BSA in oral mucus, the working concentrations of the enzyme-labeled antibody was 1:2 000 in nasal and oral mucus. Finally, 84 samples of oral and nasal mucus from immunized pigs were detected by S1D of ELISA, and the coincidence rate could reach 95.2% compared with purified PEDV of ELISA. In conclusion, the indirect ELISA established in this study provided a quick, simple, sensitive, and specific method to detect PEDV specific SigA for evaluating the level of PEDV mucosal immunity.
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These proceedings contain lectures and presentations that discuss invasive fungal infections in severe COVID-19 patients and ongoing battle against gram-positive bacteria.
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This paper expounds on how COVID-19 has affected some of the other disease patterns in Africa. The paper highlights the effect of COVID-19 on HIV, AIDS and TB as well as the access to vaccines in controlling the pandemic.
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According to a European market survey conducted by Innova Market Insights, the main area of customers' concern is related to stress management: 47% of consumers identified it with low mood, while 41% linked it with sleep interruptions. According to a different American Psychological Association poll, 78% of American adults say that the pandemic is a substantial source of stress in their lives, and 67% of those adults claim to have noticed an increase in stress during the Covid-19 outbreak. In this situation, dietary supplements might provide a sophisticated way to assist clients in enhancing their mood, sleep, and cognitive function throughout a trying time. This increased interest may also be attributed to the numerous studies conducted in recent years that link the immune system, gut, and brain, leading to the creation of several substances that have been shown to regulate stress and its associated negative effects. Prior to now, the market has focused on a wider aspect of mental wellbeing related to modern living, stress management, mental fatigue, concentration and memory performances, sleep quality, and depression. In the past, the mental health category has offered solutions to improve mental performance and relaxation. Bacteria can so easily join the market for mental health products, especially in light of recent developments in pharmaceutical formulation research that have made it possible to combine probiotics with botanicals to achieve the best of both worlds. In order to give 360 degree support for mental health, innovative ways that combine several actives were developed as a result of this insight.
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Objective: This study intends to compare the clinical characteristics and the prevalence and spectrum of bacterial pathogens in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU during the first and second waves at a tertiary care, teaching and referral hospital of eastern India. Method: This is a hospital-based retrospective study which analysed demographic details, clinical profile and bacterial culture results of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted in intensive care units (ICU) during April -Oct 2020 (1st wave) and April -July 2021 (2nd wave). Result: The patients admitted during the 2nd wave were comparatively older and had multiple comorbidities compared to the 1st wave. (23.8%) (45/189) and 50% (173/346) of the COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU developed bacterial infection during the 1st and 2nd wave respectively. Overall, there was predominance of multidrug resistant Gram negative bacilli in both the waves. There was increased isolation of intrinsic colistin resistant microorganisms.
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection (ARHAI) Scotland provided a commentary on quarterly epidemiological data in Scotland for April to June (Q2) 2021 on the following: Clostridioides difficile infection, Escherichia coli bacteraemia, Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and surgical site Infection. Data are provided for the 14 NHS boards and one NHS Special Health board. Results showed that there were 277 CDI cases, of which 73.3% (203) were healthcare infections. In theprevious quarter there were 262 cases. There were 1103 ECB cases, of which 48.2% (532) were healthcare infections. In the previous quarter there were 961 cases. There were 408 SAB cases, of which 63.7% (260) were healthcare infections. In the previous quarter there were 388 SAB cases. Epidemiological data for SSI were not included for this quarter due to the pausing of surveillance to support the COVID-19 response. The data used for this report is part of the mandatory surveillance in Scotland. ARHAI Scotland supports NHS boards to analyse their data. Local monitoring in hospital and community settings isrequired to reduce these infections.
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The analysis of the literature of the RSCI and Web of Science on the multifunctionality of useful properties of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, which have been used by humans for centuries in the preparation of fermented products as a way to preserve milk and food raw materials. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactiscan become a resource for various biologically active substances - potential metabiotics, such as: bacteriocins, organic acids, short-chain fatty acids, antioxidants, adhesins, neurotransmitters. New areas of their application as suppliers of bioprotective agents for preventive therapy and the development of oral vaccines are described, which is important for the prevention and control of infections that pose an additional danger to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Background: The pattern of bacterial infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients differ worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the patterns of bacterial infections and the antibiotic resistance profile by VITEK 2 (bioMerieux, France) in the culture of blood samples from hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
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Objective: To investigate correlation between expression level and tumor proliferation and invasiveness of the serum miR-101, heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and interleukin-1beta (Interleukin-1beta, IL-1beta) in patients with gastric cancer complicated by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze the genotyping, virulence genes and drug-resistant genes of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in this area. METHODS: The skin secretions of 204 patients with skin and soft tissue infections in the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin between Jan. 2019 and Dec. 2020 were collected, and MRSA strains identified as non-repetitive strains were isolated. The Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and Staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) genotyping and Panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene carrying status were analyzed among the MRSA strains, and their relationship with drug resistance was analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 82 strains of S. aureus were isolated from the skin secretions of 204 patients with skin and soft tissue infections, including 44 strains of MRSA (53.66%). The most common SCCmec genotype was genotype III (accounting for 84.09%) and the most common spa genotype was genotype t030 (accounting for 84.09%). PVL genes encoding virulence factors were amplified in 5 strains (11.36%). The drug resistance rates of 44 MRSA strains to vancomycin and compound sulfamethoxazole were 0.00%, and all the strains were drug-resistant to penicillin. Different SCCmec and spa genotypes were highly resistant to erythromycin, cefazolin, clindamycin and levofloxacin, but the differences in drug resistance rates of different SCCmec genotypes to clindamycin and levofloxacin were significant (P < 0.05). The resistance rates of strains with PVL positive genes to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline were significantly higher than those with PVL negative genes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Strains carrying SCCmec III and spa t030 genotypes may be the dominant strains of MRSA in skin and soft tissue infections in this area. Spa genotypes and PVL gene have certain impact on drug resistance of MRSA, and the isolated MRSA strains are all sensitive to vancomycin and compound sulfamethoxazole, which can provide a reference for anti-MRSA treatment in this area.
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Environmental factors and infectious diseases are closely related, mathematical models seek to explain these interactions, however, the same analytical practices are often observed with infectious diseases despite substantial differences from non-infectious diseases that can result in analytical challenges.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnosis and clinical characteristics of 10 cases of clustered Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia during the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The clinical data of 10 patients with clustered Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a college diagnosed and treated by the Third Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from Mar. 10, 2021 to Mar. 17, 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, the clinical characteristics of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection were summarized, and the diagnosis and treatment plan was selected quickly and accurately. RESULTS: All 10 cases with Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia infection had no history of contact with live or dead birds, 80% of them had cough symptom, 50% of them had fever symptom. Laboratory test results showed that 80% of patients had white blood cell count in normal range, 60% of patients had increased c-reactive protein level to varying degrees, 70% of patients had creatine kinase above normal, creatinine and procalcitonin were all normal, and some coagulation function indexes were abnormal. Lung CT scan showed increased density of unilateral lung floccus, nodules or spots, with air bronchial signs and even consolidation. The results of respiratory tract five-link card showed that all 10 patients were positive for Chlamydia pneumoniae immunoglobulin M(IgM) antibody. The nucleic acid sequence of Chlamydia pneumoniae was detected by metagenomics next-generation sequencing(mNGS)in 2 patients after hospitalization. 10 patients were treated with moxifloxacin hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection and moxifloxacin hydrochloride tables in sequences, all of which were cured. After 1 month, the outpatient reexamination of lung CT showed that the inflammation was basically absorbed. CONCLUSION: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection can cause outbreak through respiratory transmission, which tend to occur in the spring. The combination of respiratory pathogen antibody detection and mNGS technology can improve the efficiency of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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OBJECTIVE: Due to the lack of effective monitoring of microbial spectrum of medical waste collection, transport, storage and transfer path, as well as the evaluation of disinfection effects in medical institutions, this study aimed to explore the microenvironment, prevention and control difficulties and management opinions of medical waste disposal path through the microbial analysis of the medical waste disposal path in model departments. METHODS According to the standard process, the environmental samples at different time periods before and after the disinfection of the medical waste disposal path in the model department were collected and analyzed. The drug resistance and molecular typing traceability of important pathogens were analyzed. And the dynamic effect of the whole path application of the disinfection scheme for medical waste disposal in the model department were evaluated. Efficient frequency and application effect of disinfection of and hygiene of relevant places and gloves were evaluated through environmental monitoring before and after disinfection. RESULTS Most of the isolated strains were environmental microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were also isolated, and a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain was identified. Through typing and tracing the source, the multiple strains of A. Baumannii were found to be of different genetic origins and the two strains were from the same clonal line. Using original detection technology, no contamination of Salmonella and Shigella was found in the path. The new coronavirus and norovirus were not detected. However, the environmental pollution of rotavirus was obvious. CONCLUSION The risk of random transmission of rotavirus cannot completely solved by existing hand-sterilized regents. Timely or even frequent replacement of gloves is a simple solution in the workflow. The sterilized medical waste transfer vehicles are likely to become the pollution source of rotavirus after passing through a certain medical waste path. The medical waste disposal personnel should replace the rotating vehicle in time before entering other wards. In addition, due to the weak professional ability of cleaners, simple and easy process guidelines is the most effective solution at present.
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This article highlights information on the beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity of dogs, effects of grass consumption, and the breeding and care of dogs.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed consumer demands for food products due to the importance of eating functional foods capable of increasing the body's immune system, such as those containing natural bioactive compounds. Immune system enhancement through food intake is one of the top priorities for consumers globally. Hard candy products are ordinary foods consumed by people of all ages and social classes with numerous negative consumer perceptions due to their ability to cause dental caries. Therefore, it is imperative to develop hard candy as a functional food with antioxidant and antibacterial properties derived from natural ingredients. This research aims to innovate and design hard candy products that are acceptable to consumers with the addition of gambir catechins to its formulas. This research is considered novel for it provides innovation and design of hard candy products that are acceptable to consumers with the addition of gambir catechins. The result showed that all hard candy product formulas have Staphylococcus aureus with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities;hence, increased catechin concentration significantly affects these activities. Products in formulas 17, 8, 18, 4, and 7 with 4-5 ratings after organoleptic testing are standard products manufactured in accordance with SNI 3547.1:2018.
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Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife. It spreads primarily through the respiratory tract and was the leading cause of death due to a single infectious disease before the COVID-19 pandemic. TB is a global public health emergency that has reemerged over the past few decades. Substantial efforts are needed to achieve the goals of the End TB Strategy. The World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 9.9 million people worldwide contracted TB in 2020 and that approximately 140,000 of the 10 million new cases of active TB in 2019 were zoonotic TB. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of new TB diagnoses and reports decreased sharply, from 7.1 million in 2019 to 5.8 million in 2020, returning to 2012 levels far below the approximately 10 million TB cases in 2020. Simultaneously, the global decrease in the absolute number of TB deaths until 2019 was followed by an increase in 2020 in four of the six WHO regions and most of the 30 high-TB-burden countries. Therefore, extensive immediate actions worldwide are required to restore the health system, and innovations are needed to accelerate progress toward a tuberculosis-free world.
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Objectives: To investigate the risk factors for a blood infection in patients with lymphoma in order to guide the clinical prevention and control Of infection. Method: Clinical data were collected from 434 patients with lymphoma in 2019. including 231 males and 203 females. Blood samples were collected for culture, and the pathogens were identified by a VITEK-32 automated microbial identification system. PCR was used to detect Virulence genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Data were collected, such as patients' age, disease status, clinical stage, and pathological type. and risk factors affecting the incidence of infection in patients were analyzed using a Chi-square test.
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We have evaluated the diagnostic performance of immunochromatographic point-of-care tests (POCT) for the detection of rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia (E.) coli F5, Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum, Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens and Giardia (G.) intestinalis in fresh and thawed faecal samples from calves aged up to six months with diarrhoea. We performed POCTs to detect rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli F5, C. parvum, Cl. perfringens and G. intestinalis on fresh samples in a field study and re-evaluated the performance for C. parvum, Cl. perfringens and G. intestinalis using thawed samples. We calculated the performance based on the results of the reference methods, which were RT-qPCR for the detection of rota- and coronavirus and bacteriological culturing and PCR to detect E. coli F5 and Cl. perfringens a and ss2 toxins. C. parvum was detected by phase-contrast microscopy and G. intestinalis by immunofluorescence microscopy. We collected 177 faecal samples from diarrhoeic calves. We found good performance for the POCT targeting rotavirus (sensitivity (SE)=92.9%;specificity (SP)=95.6%) and C. parvum (SE=63.3%;SP=96.2%). For E. coli F5, the number of true positive samples (n=1) was too low to evaluate the performance. The POCT to detect coronavirus gave a poor performance (SE=3.3%;SP=96.6%) and the POCT to detect Cl. perfringens a moderate performance (SE=52.8%;SP=78.2%). G. intestinalis POCT showed a higher sensitivity to immunofluorescence microscopy in thawed than in fresh faecal samples (SE=43.9% versus SE=29.2%). There are substantial differences in diagnostic performance between the commercially available immunochromatographic POCTs. Still, POCT can make a valuable contribution to the diagnosis and prevention of calf diarrhoea.
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Introduction: Neonatal calf diarrhoea is a multifactorial disease that sometimes leads to high economic losses. It can be fatal due to dehydration and acidosis and has been one of the main causes of calf mortality. Material and methods: This retrospective study considered calves of a maximum of 35 days of age and with a diagnosed infection with rotavirus and/or bovine coronavirus. We examined the clinical records of 156 calves that were referred to the University Clinic for Ruminants in Vienna. Results Calves that had been treated with antibiotics before admission to the Clinic had a higher risk of staying longer, suggesting either that these calves had a more serious illness or that antibiotic treatment was not indicated and so therapeutic success was not achieved. Twenty-three calves died or were euthanized at the Clinic. At the time of admission, they were younger than the surviving calves and they had a lower inner body temperature and a lower base excess at the first examination. The four most common pathogens in faecal samples were rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli, which were detected in 67.1%, 53.9%, 48.1% and 94.1% of the faecal samples examined. The most common co-infection was rotavirus with Cryptosporidium parvum (17 faecal samples). We inspected the four most common pathogens in more detail. There were significant correlations between bovine coronavirus and season, with the risk of suffering from bovine coronavirus 1.6 times higher in winter than in other seasons. There was also a correlation between Cryptosporidium parvum and general behaviour: the risk of being infected with Cryptosporidium parvum was 2.6 times higher in calves that were moderately to severely depressed at the first examination. There was a correlation between co-infections and mortality, with calves with a co-infection at three times higher risk of dying than calves with a mono-infection.