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1.
Dan Med J ; 70(5)2023 Apr 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2313935

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an extremely frequent symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults. However, the symptomatology in the paediatric population remains understudied and heavily reliant on questionnaires. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of OD in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection and to assess the use of olfactory testing in predicting COVID-19 in children. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the correlation between subjective and objective sense of smell in children. METHODS: Children aged 6-12 years presenting at Test Centre Aarhus for a reverse transcription PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were invited to participate during the study period (from 8 January to 22 February 2022). They underwent olfactory testing with Sniffin' Sticks 16 Identification Kit and they were asked about their subjective assessment of smell and any confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 78 children completed inclusion of whom 51 had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. We found no correlation between either current SARS-CoV-2 status and Sniffin' Sticks Identification score (p = 0.500) or previous self-reported infection. We also found no correlation between subjective and objective sense of smell (p = 0. 109). CONCLUSION: The lack of correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and OD may indicate that OD is not a dominant symptom in children. Therefore, olfactory testing is not recommended as a screening method for SARS-CoV-2 as was suggested in adults. Likewise, subjective questioning is not a reliable tool in assessing olfactory function in children. FUNDING: Laura Danielsen received funding for salary from Forskningsfond Hospitalsenheden Vest (now Forskningsfond Regionshospitalet Gødstrup). Alexander Wieck Fjældstad wishes to acknowledge research salary funding for other projects from Velux Fonden. The sponsors had no say, roles or responsibilities in relation to the study, including (but not limited to) the study design, data collection, management, analysis or decision to publish. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not relevant.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Humans , Child , Smell , SARS-CoV-2 , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires
2.
Neurol Neurochir Pol ; 57(2): 212-218, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2318190

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with olfactory dysfunction (OD), but little is known about OD in Wilson's Disease (WD). We evaluated olfactory function in patients with WD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OD was examined in 68 patients with WD and 70 sex- and age-matched healthy controls using subjective testing with 'Sniffin Sticks'. Threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score and its three components (odour detection threshold, discrimination, and identification) were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients with WD had a significantly weaker sense of smell in terms of TDI (p < 0.01), odour discrimination (p < 0.01), and identification (p < 0.01), but not in terms of odour detection threshold (p = 0.27). Patients with predominantly neurological symptoms were characterised by greater OD by TDI (p < 0.01), odour detection threshold (p = 0.01), and discrimination (p = 0.03). The presence of pathological lesions (p = 0.04) in brain magnetic resonance imaging and generalised brain atrophy (p = 0.02) predisposed to worse TDI. In the WD group, weak inverse correlations between age and TDI score (r = -0.27), odour detection threshold (r = -0.3), and discrimination (r = -0.3) were found. Male gender was a risk factor for abnormal TDI in both WD and controls (both p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with WD, particularly older individuals, more frequently had OD than healthy volunteers. Predominantly neurological symptoms, and the presence of typical brain MRI changes, predisposed patients with WD to smell disorders.


Subject(s)
Hepatolenticular Degeneration , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Male , Smell , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/complications , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Brain
3.
Laryngorhinootologie ; 102(S 01): S67-S92, 2023 05.
Article in English, German | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2315498

ABSTRACT

The sense of smell is important. This became especially clear to patients with infection-related olfactory loss during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We react, for example, to the body odors of other humans. The sense of smell warns us of danger, and it allows us to perceive flavors when eating and drinking. In essence, this means quality of life. Therefore, anosmia must be taken seriously. Although olfactory receptor neurons are characterized by regenerative capacity, anosmia is relatively common with about 5 % of anosmic people in the general population. Olfactory disorders are classified according to their causes (e. g., infections of the upper respiratory tract, traumatic brain injury, chronic rhinosinusitis, age) with the resulting different therapeutic options and prognoses. Thorough history taking is therefore important. A wide variety of tools are available for diagnosis, ranging from short screening tests and detailed multidimensional test procedures to electrophysiological and imaging methods. Thus, quantitative olfactory disorders are easily assessable and traceable. For qualitative olfactory disorders such as parosmia, however, no objectifying diagnostic procedures are currently available. Therapeutic options for olfactory disorders are limited. Nevertheless, there are effective options consisting of olfactory training as well as various additive drug therapies. The consultation and the competent discussion with the patients are of major importance.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Anosmia/complications , Quality of Life , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/complications , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/therapy
4.
Dtsch Arztebl Int ; 120(9): 146-154, 2023 Mar 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2315497

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Disorders of the sense of smell have received greater attention because of the frequency with which they occur as a symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Olfactory dysfunction can lead to profound reduction in quality of life and may arise from many different causes. METHODS: A selective literature review was conducted with consideration of the current version of the guideline issued by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. RESULTS: The cornerstones of diagnosis are the relevant medical history and psychophysical testing of olfactory function using standardized validated tests. Modern treatment strategies are oriented on the cause of the dysfunction. While treatment of the underlying inflammation takes precedence in patients with sinunasal dysosmia, olfactory training is the primary treatment option for other forms of the disorder. The prognosis is determined not only by the cause of the olfactory dysfunction and the patient's age, but also by the olfactory performance as measured at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Options for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction are available but limited, depending on the cause. It is therefore important to carry out a detailed diagnostic work-up and keep the patient informed of the expected course and prognosis.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Smell , Quality of Life , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , SARS-CoV-2 , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/therapy , COVID-19 Testing
5.
Med Sci (Paris) ; 39(2): 119-128, 2023 Feb.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2309903

ABSTRACT

The sense of smell has been underestimated for a long time in humans. It has been brought to the fore by its sudden disappearance during the Covid-19 pandemic of which anosmia (complete loss of smell) is one of the major symptoms. However, respiratory viruses have long been associated with smell disorders, 25% of which are linked to a viral infection. Olfaction begins in the nose within the olfactory epithelium which has the particularity of containing neurons in direct contact with the environment. Several respiratory viruses are known for their replicative capacity within this epithelium. This is particularly the case for the flu virus (influenza) and bronchiolitis (respiratory syncytial virus) but their tropism for this tissue is much lower than SARS-CoV-2. The understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology in the nasal cavity makes it possible to reveal part of the links between viral infection and olfactory disorders.


Title: Odorat et virus respiratoires :une relation révélée par la Covid-19. Abstract: L'odorat, sens pendant longtemps sous-estimé chez l'homme, a été mis sur le devant de la scène par sa soudaine disparition, survenue pendant la pandémie de Covid-19, dont l'anosmie est un des symptômes majeurs. Pourtant, depuis longtemps, les virus respiratoires ont été associés aux troubles de l'odorat, dont 25 % seraient liés à une infection virale. L'olfaction débute dans le nez, au sein d'un épithélium olfactif qui a la particularité de contenir des neurones en contact direct avec l'environnement. Plusieurs virus respiratoires sont connus pour leur capacité réplicative au sein de cet épithélium. C'est notamment le cas du virus de la grippe (influenza) et du virus de la bronchiolite (VRS, pour virus respiratoire syncytial), mais leur tropisme pour ce tissu est bien moindre que celui du SARS-CoV-2. La physiopathologie de ce virus dans la cavité nasale a permis de commencer à comprendre les liens existant entre une infection virale et les troubles de l'olfaction.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Influenza, Human , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , COVID-19/complications , Smell/physiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemics , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology
6.
Braz J Otorhinolaryngol ; 88(3): 439-444, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2309882

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: In May 2020, the World Health Organization recognized olfactory dysfunction as a COVID-19 symptom. The presence of hyposmia/anosmia may be a marker of good prognosis in COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To associate the presence of olfaction disorder to the clinical condition severity in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Individuals with the flu syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2, diagnosed from March to June 2020, were recruited. They were divided into three groups: mild flu syndrome, severe flu syndrome (admitted to hospital wards) and critical illness (admitted to the ICU). Inpatients were interviewed by telephone contact after hospital discharge and their medical records were also evaluated regarding complementary test results. Outpatients answered an electronic questionnaire containing only clinical information. RESULTS: A total of 261 patients participated in the study: 23.75% with mild flu syndrome, 57.85% with severe flu syndrome and 18.40% with critical illness. A total of 66.28% patients with COVID-19 had olfaction disorders. In approximately 56.58% of the individuals the smell alterations lasted between 9 days and 2 months. There was a significantly higher proportion of individuals with olfactory dysfunction in the group with mild flu syndrome than in the severe flu syndrome group (mild × severe - p < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 4.63; 95% CI [1.87-10.86]). This relationship was also maintained between patients with mild flu syndrome and critically-ill patients (mild × critical - p <  0.001; Odds Ratio = 9.28; 95% CI [3.52-25.53]). CONCLUSION: Olfaction dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in patients with mild flu syndrome in COVID-19. It may be a predictor of a good prognosis for this infection. New population-based studies must be carried out to corroborate these findings.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , COVID-19/complications , Critical Illness , Humans , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Prognosis , SARS-CoV-2 , Smell
7.
BMC Infect Dis ; 23(1): 228, 2023 Apr 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2302287

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Taste or smell disorders have been reported as strongly associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. We aimed to identify subject characteristics, symptom associations, and antibody response intensity associated with taste or smell disorders. METHODS: We used data from SAPRIS, a study based on a consortium of five prospective cohorts gathering 279,478 participants in the French general population. In the analysis, we selected participants who were presumably infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the first epidemic wave. RESULTS: The analysis included 3,439 patients with a positive ELISA-Spike. Sex (OR = 1.28 [95% CI 1.05-1.58] for women), smoking (OR = 1.54 [95% CI 1.13-2.07]), consumption of more than 2 drinks of alcohol a day (OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.06-1.76]) were associated with a higher probability of taste or smell disorders. The relationship between age and taste or smell disorders was non-linear. Serological titers were associated with taste or smell disorders: OR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.26-1.36], OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.33-1.42] and OR = 1.34 [95% CI 1.29-1.39] for ELISA-Spike, ELISA-Nucleocapsid and seroneutralization, respectively. Among participants with taste or smell disorders, 90% reported a wide variety of other symptoms whereas 10% reported no other symptom or only rhinorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with a positive ELISA-Spike test, women, smokers and people drinking more than 2 drinks a day were more likely to develop taste or smell disorders. This symptom was strongly associated with an antibody response. The overwhelming majority of patients with taste or smell disorders experienced a wide variety of symptoms.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Female , SARS-CoV-2 , Taste/physiology , COVID-19 Testing , Prospective Studies , Antibody Formation , Taste Disorders/etiology , Taste Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Smell
8.
Chem Senses ; 482023 01 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2263621

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that 20%-67% of those with COVID-19 develop olfactory disorders, depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant. However, there is an absence of quick, population-wide olfactory tests to screen for olfactory disorders. The purpose of this study was to provide a proof-of-concept that SCENTinel 1.1, a rapid, inexpensive, population-wide olfactory test, can discriminate between anosmia (total smell loss), hyposmia (reduced sense of smell), parosmia (distorted odor perception), and phantosmia (odor sensation without a source). Participants were mailed a SCENTinel 1.1 test, which measures odor detection, intensity, identification, and pleasantness, using one of 4 possible odors. Those who completed the test (N = 287) were divided into groups based on their self-reported olfactory function: quantitative olfactory disorder only (anosmia or hyposmia, N = 135), qualitative olfactory disorder only (parosmia and/or phantosmia; N = 86), and normosmia (normal sense of smell; N = 66). SCENTinel 1.1 accurately discriminates quantitative olfactory disorders, qualitative olfactory disorders, and normosmia groups. When olfactory disorders were assessed individually, SCENTinel 1.1 discriminates between hyposmia, parosmia, and anosmia. Participants with parosmia rated common odors less pleasant than those without parosmia. We provide proof-of-concept that SCENTinel 1.1, a rapid smell test, can discriminate quantitative and qualitative olfactory disorders, and is the only direct test to rapidly discriminate parosmia.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Anosmia/diagnosis , COVID-19/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Smell
9.
Laryngorhinootologie ; 102(3): 194-202, 2023 03.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2261446

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Disorders of the sense of smell and taste are often complained as a long-COVID symptom. In a special long-COVID consultation (ENT-LCS), we wanted to figure out how large the proportion of pathological olfactory or gustatory diagnoses actually is in this cohort. METHODS: 48 adult patients who visited the ENT-LCS because of their own suffering were asked about their history, rated their ability to smell (SER) and taste (SES) with school grades and completed the extended Sniffin' Sticks test and the 3-drop test as a taste test. Diagnoses were made from the SDI smell score and the total taste score using normative values. Correlations were calculated between the measured scores and the self-assessment and between SER and SES. RESULTS: Pathological chemosensory diagnoses were present in 90%. Pathological olfactory diagnoses were twice as common as gustatory ones. No pathological diagnosis could be verified in 10% of the cohort. Anosmia-ageusia syndrome was diagnosed in six patients. SER correlated strongly with SDI. SES correlated moderately with SScore-total. SER correlated strongly with SES. CONCLUSIONS: There is a risk of smell-taste confusion when interpreting reported chemosensory symptoms. This is another reason why reference is made to the importance of quantifying the chemical senses with validated tests.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Humans , Smell , Taste , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , COVID-19/complications
10.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 160(8): 347-351, 2023 04 21.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2260128

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Post-COVID olfactory dysfunction continues to be studied due to the controversy of the mechanisms involved. The aim was to investigate the olfactory dysfunctions in association with other post-COVID symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and single-center study. The patients had confirmed mild COVID-19 and subjective olfactory dysfunction of more than a month of evolution, which was assessed by Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Test. RESULTS: A total of 86 patients participated. The mean age was 37.2 years (SD 9.82). 70.9% reported parosmia and 46.5% symptoms of brain fog. A pathological test result was obtained in 72.1% of the participants. The most failed pen was 11 (apple) in 76.7%. Anosmia of pen 15 (anise) was reported more frequently in 24.4% and cacosmia of pen 9 (garlic) in 27.9%. We observed a significant association between patients who reported parosmias and brain fog (RR 2.18; p=0.018), also between parosmia and phantosmia (RR 6.042; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: There is some pathological selectivity for certain test pens, a higher prevalence of cognitive symptoms and many patients with combined parosmia and brain fog.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Humans , COVID-19/complications , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Prevalence , Smell
11.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol ; 280(5): 2331-2340, 2023 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2271925

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the course of olfactory dysfunction [OD] due to upper respiratory tract infections [URTI] especially for COVID-19 [C19] in a multicentric design and to investigate possible predictors for the outcome. METHODS: In a multicentric study, patients (n = 147, of which 96 were women) with OD due to URTI, including C19 and non-C19 were evaluated at two visits with a standardized medical history and "Sniffin' Sticks" extended psychophysical testing to examine the course and possible predictors for improvement of olfactory function. RESULTS: C19 patients showed better overall olfactory function (p < 0.001) compared to non-C19. Olfactory function (p < 0.001) improved over 3.5 ± 1.2 months in a comparable fashion for C19 and non-C19 comparable over time (p = 0.20) except for a more pronounced improvement of odour threshold (p = 0.03) in C19. C19 patients with parosmia exhibited a higher probability of clinically relevant improvement of odour threshold, a better threshold in the second visit, and tended to have a better TDI-score at the second visit. Further possible predictors for an improving olfactory function were younger age, female gender, and had lower scores in olfactory tests at the first visit. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with C19 and non-C19 URTI exhibit a similar improvement over 3-4 months except for the odour threshold, with a better TDI in both visits for C19. For C19 a better prognosis in terms of olfactory recovery was found for younger patients with parosmia and lower olfactory scores at the first visit. Still, for many patients with olfactory loss, an improvement that is experienced as complete may only occur over months and possibly years.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Respiratory Tract Infections , Humans , Female , Male , Longitudinal Studies , COVID-19/complications , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Smell , Respiratory Tract Infections/complications
12.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg ; 168(5): 1249-1252, 2023 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2285028

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the olfactory function in a series of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and who had undergone psychophysical olfactory assessment prior to infection. Individuals unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent a psychophysical evaluation of smell with the Sniffin' Sticks test. The subjects were followed prospectively and included in the study if they developed SARS-CoV-2 infection with a second test 60 days after recovery. At the 60-day follow-up of the 41 included subjects, 2 (4.9%) self-reported persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD). The differences between TDI scores before and after infection were statistically significant (37 [interquartile range (IQR), 34.25-39.25] vs 34.75 [IQR, 32.25-38]; p = .021). Analyzing the individual olfactory domains, the differences were significant for threshold (T) (9.75 [IQR, 9-11.25] vs 8.25 [IQR, 7.25-10.25]; p = .009) but not for odor discrimination (D) (p = .443) and identification (I) (p = .159). SARS-CoV-2 causes a significant reduction in the olfactory function, in particular affecting the olfactory threshold, even in subjects who do not self-report an OD.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Smell , SARS-CoV-2 , Prospective Studies , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , COVID-19/complications
13.
Rev Med Suisse ; 18(798): 1837-1842, 2022 Oct 05.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2270147

ABSTRACT

Olfactory disorders became known by large parts of the population since the Covid-19 pandemic. The causes of olfactory dysfunctions are manifold. Similar to other sensory impairments the disruption can be qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative olfactory disorders such as anosmia or hyposmia are well explored, whereas the knowledge on qualitative disorders such as parosmia or phantosmia is still limited. This article gives an update on the current clinical knowledge and workup of parosmia and phantosmia.


Depuis la pandémie de Covid-19, la population est davantage informée sur les troubles de l'odorat. Ils peuvent être d'origines multiples. Comme pour toute modalité sensorielle, il existe des atteintes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les troubles quantitatifs sont mieux connus et pris en charge mais les troubles qualitatifs restent méconnus. Cet article traite des troubles de l'odorat qualitatifs, notamment de la parosmie et de la fantosmie, ainsi que de leur prise en charge.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Pandemics , Smell
14.
Am J Otolaryngol ; 43(5): 103572, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2266114

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Prevalence of post-viral olfactory loss has increased dramatically due to the frequency and severity of olfactory dysfunction associated with infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. OBJECTIVE: To determine the trajectory of COVID-19 olfactory loss over a six-month period. A key secondary objective is to assess predictive factors associated with the recovery of olfaction. DESIGN: Longitudinal repeated-measures study that enrolled from May 5, 2020 to February 2, 2021, with the last date of data collection on June 15, 2021. SETTING: Barnes-Jewish HealthCare/Washington University School of Medicine facilities (Saint Louis, Missouri, USA). PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab and indicated olfactory loss on COVID-19 screening questionnaire. Individuals were excluded if they had previously diagnosed history of olfactory loss, neurodegenerative disorders, <18 years of age, admitted to hospital service, unable to read, write, and understand English, or lacked computer or internet access. INTERVENTIONS/EXPOSURES: Watch and wait for spontaneous recovery. MAIN OUTCOME(S) AND MEASURE(S): Participants completed olfactory assessments every 30 days for six months. Each assessment consisted of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), an objective "scratch-and-sniff" test, and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI), a subjective Likert rating scale. RESULTS: The mean age was 41 years old (SD = 16). 39 (80 %) were female and 42 (86 %) white. At baseline assessment of objective olfaction, 18 (36 %) participants had anosmia or severe hyposmia. Subjective, complete recovery at six months was 81 % (95 % CI 74 % to 88 %). Likelihood of recovery was associated with age <50 years (aHR = 8.1 (95 % CI 1.1 to 64.1)) and mild olfactory loss at baseline (UPSIT = 30-33 for males and 31-34 for females) (aHR 6.2 (95 % CI 1.2 to 33.0)). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The trajectory of olfactory recovery among adults with COVID-19 olfactory loss illustrated rapid recovery within 2-3 weeks of infection, and by six months 81 % had recovered based on self-report. Age <50 years old and mild severity of olfactory loss at baseline were associated with increased likelihood of recovery of olfaction. These findings can be used to inform shared decision-making with patients.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Anosmia/etiology , COVID-19/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Smell
15.
Ir J Med Sci ; 191(4): 1759-1766, 2022 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2273977

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Smell and taste dysfunctions (STDs) are symptoms associated with COVID-19 syndrome, even if their incidence is still uncertain and variable. AIMS: In this study, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on chemosensory function have been investigated using both a self-reporting questionnaire on smell and flavor perception, and a simplified flavor test. METHODS: A total of 111 subjects (19 hospitalized [HOS] and 37 home-isolated [HI] COVID-19 patients, and 55 healthy controls [CTRL]) were enrolled in the study. They received a self-evaluation questionnaire and a self-administered flavor test kit. The flavor test used consists in the self-administration of four solutions with a pure olfactory stimulus (coffee), a mixed olfactory-trigeminal stimulus (peppermint), and a complex chemical mixture (banana). RESULTS: After SARS-CoV-2 infection, HOS and HI patients reported similar prevalence of STDs, with a significant reduction of both smell and flavor self-estimated perception. The aromas of the flavor test were recognized by HI and HOS COVID-19 patients similarly to CTRL; however, the intensity of the perceived aromas was significantly lower in patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Data reported here suggests that a chemosensory impairment is present after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the modified "flavor test" could be a novel self-administering objective screening test to assess STDs in COVID-19 patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NO: NCT04840966; April 12, 2021, retrospectively registered.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Smell , Taste Disorders/complications
16.
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep ; 23(2): 111-119, 2023 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2232518

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A number of sequelae after acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The chemosensory disorders including olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) are two of the commonest symptoms complained by patients with COVID-19. Although chemosensory function has been reported improved in over 60% of COVID-19 patients in a short time after acute infection, it may last as a major symptom for patients with long COVID-19. This narrative review discussed current literatures on OD and GD in long COVID-19 including the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, and potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the prevalence of OD and GD has declined continuously after acute COVID-19, a considerable number of patients had persistent chemosensory disorders 3 months to 2 years after symptom onset. Female gender, initial severity of dysfunction, nasal congestion, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified as risk factors for persistent OD and GD in long COVID-19. The pathogenesis of OD and GD in long COVID-19 remains unknown, but may be analogous to the persistent OD and GD post common respiratory viral infection. Corticosteroids and olfactory training might be a potential choice regarding the treatment of lasting OD and GD after SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, more studies are needed to prove it. OD and GD are common long-term consequences of COVID-19 and influenced by gender, initial severity of dysfunction, emotional distress and depression, and SARS-CoV-2 variants. More studies are needed to illustrate their pathogenesis and to establish therapeutic strategies.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Female , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Quality of Life , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Taste Disorders/epidemiology , Taste Disorders/etiology
17.
Saudi Med J ; 43(12): 1354-1362, 2022 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2226319

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of olfactory dysfunction's (OD) on patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and evaluate the risk factors associated with it. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed patients who tested positive for COVID-19 over a period of 4 months (May-July 2020) and experienced OD and mild illness. Selected patients were given 2 scales Olfactory Disorders Negative Statement (QOD-NS) and Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). RESULTS: A total of 256 patients were enrolled, out of which 196 had anosmia after COVID-19 infection. More than 75% of the participants were aged between 20-40 years and 64.3% were women. The mean score of the patients was 25.13 (SD 19.6) on the SNOT-22, while it was 4.9 (SD 4.85) on the QOD-NS. There was no association between anosmia and other comorbidities and factors (age, smoking history, allergic rhinitis history, asthma, and so on). Only 39% of patients who had anosmia after COVID-19 recovered in less than 4 months. CONCLUSION: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of COVID-19 infection and it can take more than 4 months to recover. Nevertheless, this cohort reports a moderate impact on their quality of life due to anosmia.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Male , Anosmia/epidemiology , Anosmia/etiology , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Quality of Life , Incidence , Saudi Arabia/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis
18.
Int J Infect Dis ; 128: 278-284, 2023 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2179548

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the prevalence, severity, correlation with initial symptoms, and role of vaccination in patients with COVID-19 with smell or taste alterations (STAs). METHODS: We conducted an observational study of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron admitted to three hospitals between May 17 and June 16, 2022. The olfactory and gustatory functions were evaluated using the taste and smell survey and the numerical visual analog scale at two time points. RESULTS: The T1 and T2 time point assessments were completed by 688 and 385 participants, respectively. The prevalence of STAs at two time points was 41.3% vs 42.6%. Furthermore, no difference existed in the severity distribution of taste and smell survey, smell, or taste visual analog scale scores between the groups. Patients with initial symptoms of headache (P = 0.03) and muscle pain (P = 0.04) were more likely to develop STAs, whereas higher education; three-dose vaccination; no symptoms yet; or initial symptoms of cough, throat discomfort, and fever demonstrated protective effects, and the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of STAs did not decrease significantly during the Omicron dominance, but the severity was reduced, and vaccination demonstrated a protective effect. In addition, the findings suggest that the presence of STAs is likely to be an important indicator of viral invasion of the nervous system.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Smell/physiology , Taste/physiology , Taste Disorders/epidemiology , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis
19.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg ; 149(2): 141-149, 2023 02 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2172267

ABSTRACT

Importance: The number of olfactory dysfunction cases has increased dramatically because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying therapies that aid and accelerate recovery is essential. Objective: To determine the efficacy of bimodal visual-olfactory training and patient-preferred scents vs unimodal olfactory training and physician-assigned scents in COVID-19 olfactory loss. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a randomized, single-blinded trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design (bimodal, patient preferred; unimodal, physician assigned; bimodal, physician assigned; unimodal, patient preferred) and an independent control group. Enrollment occurred from February 1 to May 27, 2021. Participants were adults 18 to 71 years old with current olfactory loss defined as University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) score less than 34 for men and less than 35 for women and duration of 3 months or longer. Olfactory loss was initially diagnosed within 2 weeks of COVID-19 infection. Interventions: Participants sniffed 4 essential oils for 15 seconds with a 30-second rest in between odors for 3 months. Participants in the physician-assigned odor arms trained with rose, lemon, eucalyptus, and clove. Participants randomized to the patient-preferred arms chose 4 of 24 available scents. If assigned to the bimodal arm, participants were shown digital images of the essential oil they were smelling. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was postintervention change in UPSIT score from baseline; measures used were the UPSIT (validated, objective psychometric test of olfaction), Clinical Global Impressions Impression-Improvement (CGI-I; self-report improvement scale), and Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating (ODOR; olfaction-related quality-of-life questionnaire). Results: Among the 275 enrolled participants, the mean (SD) age was 41 (12) years, and 236 (86%) were female. The change in UPSIT scores preintervention to postintervention was similar between the study arms. The marginal mean difference for change in UPSIT scores preintervention to postintervention between participants randomized to patient-preferred vs physician-assigned olfactory training was 0.73 (95% CI, -1.10 to 2.56), and between participants randomized to bimodal vs unimodal olfactory training was 1.10 (95% CI, -2.92 to 0.74). Five (24%) participants in the control arm had clinically important improvement on UPSIT compared with 18 (53%) in the bimodal, patient-preferred arm for a difference of 29% (95% CI, 4%-54%). Four (19%) participants in the control group self-reported improvement on CGI-I compared with 12 (35%) in the bimodal, patient-preferred arm for a difference of 16% (95% CI, -7% to 39%). The mean change in ODOR score preintervention to postintervention was 11.6 points (95% CI, 9.2-13.9), which was not deemed clinically important nor significantly different between arms. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on the change in UPSIT scores, this randomized clinical trial did not show any difference between intervention arms, but when exploring within-patient change in UPSIT as well as self-reported impression of improvement, active interventions were associated with larger improvement than controls with a potential advantage of bimodal intervention. While not definitive, these results suggest that patients with COVID-19 olfactory loss may benefit from bimodal visual-olfactory training with patient-preferred scents. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04710394.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Male , Humans , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Smell , Odorants , COVID-19/complications , Anosmia , Olfactory Training , Pandemics , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Olfaction Disorders/therapy , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis
20.
PLoS One ; 17(12): e0274611, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2162548

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Smell and taste alteration are closely linked to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may be associated with a more indolent disease course. Serologic response rates among individuals with mild disease remains limited. We sought to identify whether chemosensory changes associated with COVID-19 were predictive of a serologic response. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The sample consisted of 306 adults (≥18 years old) volunteering for convalescent plasma donation following perceived COVID-19 illness from April-June 2020. Documentation of COVID-19 PCR status, clinical symptoms at time of illness, and treatment course occurred at the time of serologic analysis, where we assessed chemosensory function using patient-perceived deficits. We implemented previously validated ELISA screening to determine serologic status regarding anti-Spike immunoglobulins. Statistical analysis using stepwise logistic models were employed to identify predictive factors of serologic response. RESULTS: Of 306 patients undergoing serologic and chemosensory evaluation, 196 (64.1%) and 195 (63.7%) reported subjective olfactory and taste dysfunction, respectively, during the first two weeks of COVID-19 infection. In unadjusted models, the odds of developing suprathreshold IgG antibody titers were 1.98 times higher among those who reported altered smell (95% CI 1.14-3.42, p = 0.014) and 2.02 times higher among those with altered taste (95% CI 1.17-3.48, p = 0.011) compared to those with normal smell and taste. Multivariable logistic models adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, symptom duration, smoking status and comorbidities index demonstrated that altered smell and taste remained significant predictors of positive anti-spike IgG response (smell OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.05-3.44, p = 0.033; taste OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.12-3.61, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Subjective chemosensory dysfunction, as self-reported smell or taste deficiency, is highly predictive of serologic response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This information may be useful for patient counseling. Additional longitudinal research should be performed to better understand the onset and duration of the serologic response in these patients.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Olfaction Disorders , Adult , Humans , Adolescent , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/complications , Cross-Sectional Studies , Taste Disorders/etiology , Taste Disorders/diagnosis , Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Smell
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