Elevated D-Dimer Is Associated with Multiple Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients: a Retrospective Cohort Study.

ABSTRACT

D-dimer is a prognostic marker for Covid-19 disease mortality and severity in hospitalized patients; however, little is known about the association between D-dimer and other clinical outcomes. The aim of this paper was to define a threshold of D-dimer to use in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 and to assess its utility in prognosticating in-hospital mortality, development of an acute kidney injury (AKI), and need for hemodialysis, vasopressors, or intubation. This is a single-center, retrospective, cohort review study of 100 predominantly minority patients (94%) hospitalized with Covid-19. The electronic medical record system was used to collect data. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analysis were used to determine optimal thresholds of peak D-dimer, defined as the highest D-dimer obtained during admission that was clinically meaningful. Odds ratios were then used to assess the relationship between peak D-dimer thresholds and clinical outcomes. D-dimer > 2.1 µg/mL and > 2.48 µg/mL had > 90% sensitivity and > 50% specificity for predicting need for vasopressors (AUC 0.80) or intubation (AUC 0.83) and in-hospital mortality (AUC 0.89), respectively. Additionally, D-dimer > 4.86 µg/mL had a 100% sensitivity and 81% specificity for predicting the need for hemodialysis (AUC 0.92). Furthermore, peak D-dimer > 2.48 µg/mL was associated with in-hospital mortality (p < 0.001), development of an AKI (p = 0.002), and need for intubation (p < 0.001), hemodialysis (p < 0.001), and vasopressors (p < 0.001). Peak D-dimer > 2.48 µg/mL may be a useful threshold that is prognostic of multiple clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19.