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Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children.
Zimmermann, Petra; Curtis, Nigel.
  • Zimmermann P; From the Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
  • Curtis N; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 39(5): 355-368, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-101831
ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, zoonotic RNA viruses. Four CoVs commonly circulate among humans HCoV2-229E, -HKU1, -NL63 and -OC43. However, CoVs can rapidly mutate and recombine leading to novel CoVs that can spread from animals to humans. The novel CoVs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a severe outbreak of disease (termed COVID-19) in China and multiple other countries, threatening to cause a global pandemic. In humans, CoVs mostly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from a common cold to more severe disease such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure and even death. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 seem to less commonly affect children and to cause fewer symptoms and less severe disease in this age group compared with adults, and are associated with much lower case-fatality rates. Preliminary evidence suggests children are just as likely as adults to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 but are less likely to be symptomatic or develop severe symptoms. However, the importance of children in transmitting the virus remains uncertain. Children more often have gastrointestinal symptoms compared with adults. Most children with SARS-CoV present with fever, but this is not the case for the other novel CoVs. Many children affected by MERS-CoV are asymptomatic. The majority of children infected by novel CoVs have a documented household contact, often showing symptoms before them. In contrast, adults more often have a nosocomial exposure. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical and diagnostic findings, as well as treatment and prevention options for common circulating and novel CoVs infections in humans with a focus on infections in children.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Coronavirus Infections Type of study: Diagnostic study / Observational study / Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines Limits: Animals / Child / Humans Language: English Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J Journal subject: Communicable Diseases / Pediatrics Year: 2020 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Inf.0000000000002660

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Coronavirus Infections Type of study: Diagnostic study / Observational study / Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines Limits: Animals / Child / Humans Language: English Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J Journal subject: Communicable Diseases / Pediatrics Year: 2020 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Inf.0000000000002660