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Risk of COVID-19 hospital admission and COVID-19 mortality during the first COVID-19 wave with a special emphasis on ethnic minorities: an observational study of a single, deprived, multiethnic UK health economy.
Singh, Baldev M; Bateman, James; Viswanath, Ananth; Klaire, Vijay; Mahmud, Sultan; Nevill, Alan; Dunmore, Simon J.
  • Singh BM; New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK baldev.singh@nhs.net.
  • Bateman J; School of Medicine & Clinical Practice, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK.
  • Viswanath A; New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
  • Klaire V; New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
  • Mahmud S; New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
  • Nevill A; New Cross Hospital, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
  • Dunmore SJ; Faculty of Health, Education & Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
BMJ Open ; 11(2): e046556, 2021 02 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1088263
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this study was to describe variations in COVID-19 outcomes in relation to local risks within a well-defined but diverse single-city area.

DESIGN:

Observational study of COVID-19 outcomes using quality-assured integrated data from a single UK hospital contextualised to its feeder population and associated factors (comorbidities, ethnicity, age, deprivation). SETTING/

PARTICIPANTS:

Single-city hospital with a feeder population of 228 632 adults in Wolverhampton. MAIN OUTCOME

MEASURES:

Hospital admissions (defined as COVID-19 admissions (CA) or non-COVID-19 admissions (NCA)) and mortality (defined as COVID-19 deaths or non-COVID-19 deaths).

RESULTS:

Of the 5558 patients admitted, 686 died (556 in hospital); 930 were CA, of which 270 were hospital COVID-19 deaths, 47 non-COVID-19 deaths and 36 deaths after discharge; of the 4628 NCA, there were 239 in-hospital deaths (2 COVID-19) and 94 deaths after discharge. Of the 223 074 adults not admitted, 407 died. Age, gender, multimorbidity and black ethnicity (OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.5 to 3.2), p<0.001, compared with white ethnicity, absolute excess risk of <1/1000) were associated with CA and mortality. The South Asian cohort had lower CA and NCA, lower mortality compared with the white group (CA, 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8), p<0.01; NCA, 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6), p<0.001) and community deaths (0.5 (0.3 to 0.7), p<0.001). Despite many common risk factors for CA and NCA, ethnic groups had different admission rates and within-group differing association of risk factors. Deprivation impacted only the white ethnicity, in the oldest age bracket and in a lesser (not most) deprived quintile.

CONCLUSIONS:

Wolverhampton's results, reflecting high ethnic diversity and deprivation, are similar to other studies of black ethnicity, age and comorbidity risk in COVID-19 but strikingly different in South Asians and for deprivation. Sequentially considering population and then hospital-based NCA and CA outcomes, we present a complete single health economy picture. Risk factors may differ within ethnic groups; our data may be more representative of communities with high Black, Asian and minority ethnic populations, highlighting the need for locally focused public health strategies. We emphasise the need for a more comprehensible and nuanced conveyance of risk.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Ethnicity / Pandemics / COVID-19 / Hospitalization Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Limits: Adult / Aged / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: BMJ Open Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Bmjopen-2020-046556

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Ethnicity / Pandemics / COVID-19 / Hospitalization Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Limits: Adult / Aged / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: BMJ Open Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Bmjopen-2020-046556