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Trauma-spectrum symptoms among the Italian general population in the time of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Rossi, Rodolfo; Socci, Valentina; Talevi, Dalila; Niolu, Cinzia; Pacitti, Francesca; Di Marco, Antinisca; Rossi, Alessandro; Siracusano, Alberto; Di Lorenzo, Giorgio; Olff, Miranda.
  • Rossi R; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • Socci V; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • Talevi D; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • Niolu C; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • Pacitti F; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • Di Marco A; Department of Information Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • Rossi A; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
  • Siracusano A; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • Di Lorenzo G; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • Olff M; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
Eur J Psychotraumatol ; 12(1): 1855888, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1096423
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ABSTRACT

Background:

Recent evidence showed adverse mental health outcomes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including trauma-related symptoms. The Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) is a brief instrument designed to assess a broad range of trauma-related symptoms with no available validation in the Italian population.

Aims:

This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Italian version of the GPS in a general population sample exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate trauma-related symptoms in the context of COVID-19 related risk factors associated with lockdown measures.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional web-based observational study as part of a long-term monitoring programme of mental health outcomes in the general population. Eighteen thousand one hundred forty-seven participants completed a self-report online questionnaire to collect key demographic data and evaluate trauma-related symptoms using the GPS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, and PSS. Validation analyses included both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analyses. The relation with putative COVID-19 related risk factors was explored by multivariate regression analysis.

Results:

Exploratory factor analyses supported a two-factor model. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the best fitting model was a three-factor solution, with core Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) (re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal), Negative Affect (symptoms of depressed mood, anxiety, irritability), and Dissociative symptoms. GPS Risk factors and specific COVID-19 related stressful events were associated with GPS total and the three factor scores.

Conclusions:

Our data suggest that a wide range of trauma-spectrum symptoms were reported by a large Italian sample during the COVID-19 pandemic. The GPS symptoms clustered best in three factors Negative Affect symptoms, Core PTSS, and Dissociative symptoms. In particular, high rates of core PTSS and negative affect symptoms were associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and should be routinely assessed in clinical practice.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes Evidencias recientes revelaron resultados adversos para la salud mental asociados con la pandemia de COVID-19, incluyendo síntomas relacionados con el trauma. El Mapeo Global de Psicotrauma (GPS, en sus siglas en inglés) es un breve instrumento diseñado para evaluar una amplia gama de síntomas relacionados con el trauma, sin validación disponible en la población italiana.

Objetivos:

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la estructura de factores de la versión italiana del GPS en una muestra de la población general expuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19 y evaluar los síntomas relacionados con el trauma en el contexto de los factores de riesgo relacionados con COVID-19 asociados con las medidas de confinamiento.

Métodos:

Realizamos un estudio observacional transversal basado en la web como parte de un programa de vigilancia a largo plazo de los resultados de salud mental en la población general. Dieciocho mil ciento cuarenta y siete participantes completaron un cuestionario en línea de autorreporte para recopilar datos demográficos claves y evaluar los síntomas relacionados con el trauma utilizando el GPS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI y PSS. Los análisis de validación incluyeron análisis factoriales y de correlación tanto exploratorios como confirmatorios. La relación con los posibles factores de riesgo relacionados con COVID-19 se exploró mediante un análisis de regresión multivariante.

Resultados:

Los análisis factoriales exploratorios apoyaron un modelo de dos factores. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo que mejor se ajustaba era una solución de tres factores, con los principales síntomas de estrés postraumático (PTSS, en sus siglas en inglés) (reexperimentación, evitación, hiperactivación), el efecto negativo (síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, irritabilidad) y los síntomas disociativos. Los factores de riesgo del GPS y los eventos estresantes específicos relacionados con COVID-19 se asociaron con el total del GPS y las tres puntuaciones de los factores.

Conclusiones:

Nuestros datos sugieren que una amplia gama de síntomas de espectro traumático fueron reportados por una gran muestra italiana durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Los síntomas del GPS se agruparon mejor en tres factores Síntomas de Afecto Negativo, PTSS Central y Síntomas Disociativos. En particular, las altas tasas de PTSS central y los síntomas de afecto negativo se asociaron con la pandemia de COVID-19 en Italia y deben ser evaluados rutinariamente en la práctica clínica.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Surveys and Questionnaires / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adult / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Eur J Psychotraumatol Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 20008198.2020.1855888

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Surveys and Questionnaires / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adult / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Eur J Psychotraumatol Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 20008198.2020.1855888