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The Deadly Quartet (Covid-19, Old Age, Lung Disease, and Heart Failure) Explains Why Coronavirus-Related Mortality in Northern Italy Was So High.
Calcaterra, Giuseppe; Bassareo, Pier P; Barillà, Francesco; Sergi, Domenico; Chiocchi, Marcello; Romeo, Francesco; Mehta, Jawahar L.
  • Calcaterra G; Post graduate Medical School, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
  • Bassareo PP; University College of Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
  • Barillà F; Cardiac Department, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
  • Sergi D; Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • Chiocchi M; Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • Romeo F; Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • Mehta JL; Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the VA Medical Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
Curr Cardiol Rev ; 17(1): 74-77, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1136353
ABSTRACT
Since its outbreak in China at the end of 2019, the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was characterized by both easy spreading and high mortality. The latter proved to be way more elevated in the North of Italy -with a peak of 18.4% in region Lombardia and even 31% in the city of Bergamo and surrounding county- than in the rest of the world. In an attempt to conceptualize the reasons for such a dramatic situation, four key elements have been identified COVID-19 itself, old age, lung disease, and heart failure. Their harmful combination has been named "The deadly quartet". The underlying risk factors, among which a lot of them are distinctive features of the population in northern Italy, have been summarized as "unmodifiable", "partially modifiable", and "modifiable", for the sake of clarity. Up-to-date scientific evidence in this field has been described in the form of a narrative and easy-to-read review.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 / Heart Failure / Lung Diseases Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Aged / Humans Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Curr Cardiol Rev Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 1573403X16666200731162614

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 / Heart Failure / Lung Diseases Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Aged / Humans Country/Region as subject: Europa Language: English Journal: Curr Cardiol Rev Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 1573403X16666200731162614