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Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody responses and duration of immunity: a longitudinal study.
Chia, Wan Ni; Zhu, Feng; Ong, Sean Wei Xiang; Young, Barnaby Edward; Fong, Siew-Wai; Le Bert, Nina; Tan, Chee Wah; Tiu, Charles; Zhang, Jinyan; Tan, Seow Yen; Pada, Surinder; Chan, Yi-Hao; Tham, Christine Y L; Kunasegaran, Kamini; Chen, Mark I-C; Low, Jenny G H; Leo, Yee-Sin; Renia, Laurent; Bertoletti, Antonio; Ng, Lisa F P; Lye, David Chien; Wang, Lin-Fa.
  • Chia WN; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Zhu F; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Ong SWX; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.
  • Young BE; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
  • Fong SW; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.
  • Le Bert N; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
  • Tan CW; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
  • Tiu C; ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
  • Zhang J; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
  • Tan SY; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Pada S; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Chan YH; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Tham CYL; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Kunasegaran K; Department of Infectious Diseases, Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
  • Chen MI; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore.
  • Low JGH; ASTAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
  • Leo YS; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
  • Renia L; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Bertoletti A; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
  • Ng LFP; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore.
  • Lye DC; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
  • Wang LF; Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
Lancet Microbe ; 2(6): e240-e249, 2021 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1155679
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

Studies have found different waning rates of neutralising antibodies compared with binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The impact of neutralising antibody waning rate at the individual patient level on the longevity of immunity remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the peak levels and dynamics of neutralising antibody waning and IgG avidity maturation over time, and correlate this with clinical parameters, cytokines, and T-cell responses.

METHODS:

We did a longitudinal study of patients who had recovered from COVID-19 up to day 180 post-symptom onset by monitoring changes in neutralising antibody levels using a previously validated surrogate virus neutralisation test. Changes in antibody avidities and other immune markers at different convalescent stages were determined and correlated with clinical features. Using a machine learning algorithm, temporal change in neutralising antibody levels was classified into five groups and used to predict the longevity of neutralising antibody-mediated immunity.

FINDINGS:

We approached 517 patients for participation in the study, of whom 288 consented for outpatient follow-up and collection of serial blood samples. 164 patients were followed up and had adequate blood samples collected for analysis, with a total of 546 serum samples collected, including 128 blood samples taken up to 180 days post-symptom onset. We identified five distinctive patterns of neutralising antibody dynamics as follows negative, individuals who did not, at our intervals of sampling, develop neutralising antibodies at the 30% inhibition level (19 [12%] of 164 patients); rapid waning, individuals who had varying levels of neutralising antibodies from around 20 days after symptom onset, but seroreverted in less than 180 days (44 [27%] of 164 patients); slow waning, individuals who remained neutralising antibody-positive at 180 days post-symptom onset (46 [28%] of 164 patients); persistent, although with varying peak neutralising antibody levels, these individuals had minimal neutralising antibody decay (52 [32%] of 164 patients); and delayed response, a small group that showed an unexpected increase of neutralising antibodies during late convalescence (at 90 or 180 days after symptom onset; three [2%] of 164 patients). Persistence of neutralising antibodies was associated with disease severity and sustained level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. By contrast, T-cell responses were similar among the different neutralising antibody dynamics groups. On the basis of the different decay dynamics, we established a prediction algorithm that revealed a wide range of neutralising antibody longevity, varying from around 40 days to many decades.

INTERPRETATION:

Neutralising antibody response dynamics in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 vary greatly, and prediction of immune longevity can only be accurately determined at the individual level. Our findings emphasise the importance of public health and social measures in the ongoing pandemic outbreak response, and might have implications for longevity of immunity after vaccination.

FUNDING:

National Medical Research Council, Biomedical Research Council, and A*STAR, Singapore.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid / Vaccines Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Lancet Microbe Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S2666-5247(21)00025-2

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid / Vaccines Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Lancet Microbe Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S2666-5247(21)00025-2