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Thoracic imaging tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Islam, Nayaar; Ebrahimzadeh, Sanam; Salameh, Jean-Paul; Kazi, Sakib; Fabiano, Nicholas; Treanor, Lee; Absi, Marissa; Hallgrimson, Zachary; Leeflang, Mariska Mg; Hooft, Lotty; van der Pol, Christian B; Prager, Ross; Hare, Samanjit S; Dennie, Carole; Spijker, René; Deeks, Jonathan J; Dinnes, Jacqueline; Jenniskens, Kevin; Korevaar, Daniël A; Cohen, Jérémie F; Van den Bruel, Ann; Takwoingi, Yemisi; van de Wijgert, Janneke; Damen, Johanna Aag; Wang, Junfeng; McInnes, Matthew Df.
  • Islam N; Department of Radiology , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Ebrahimzadeh S; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Salameh JP; Department of Radiology , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Kazi S; Department of Radiology , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Fabiano N; Department of Radiology , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Treanor L; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Absi M; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Hallgrimson Z; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Leeflang MM; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Hooft L; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • van der Pol CB; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht , Netherlands.
  • Prager R; Department of Radiology , McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
  • Hare SS; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada.
  • Dennie C; Department of Radiology , Royal Free London NHS Trust, London , UK.
  • Spijker R; Department of Radiology , University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Deeks JJ; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Dinnes J; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht , Netherlands.
  • Jenniskens K; Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Korevaar DA; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
  • Cohen JF; Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
  • Van den Bruel A; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
  • Takwoingi Y; Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham , UK.
  • van de Wijgert J; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
  • Damen JA; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Wang J; Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), UMR1153, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
  • McInnes MD; Academic of Primary Care , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev ; 3: CD013639, 2021 03 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1159778
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

The respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to present diagnostic challenges. Our 2020 edition of this review showed thoracic (chest) imaging to be sensitive and moderately specific in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this update, we include new relevant studies, and have removed studies with case-control designs, and those not intended to be diagnostic test accuracy studies.

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of thoracic imaging (computed tomography (CT), X-ray and ultrasound) in people with suspected COVID-19. SEARCH

METHODS:

We searched the COVID-19 Living Evidence Database from the University of Bern, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, The Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library, and repositories of COVID-19 publications through to 30 September 2020. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies of all designs, except for case-control, that recruited participants of any age group suspected to have COVID-19 and that reported estimates of test accuracy or provided data from which we could compute estimates. DATA COLLECTION AND

ANALYSIS:

The review authors independently and in duplicate screened articles, extracted data and assessed risk of bias and applicability concerns using the QUADAS-2 domain-list. We presented the results of estimated sensitivity and specificity using paired forest plots, and we summarised pooled estimates in tables. We used a bivariate meta-analysis model where appropriate. We presented the uncertainty of accuracy estimates using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN

RESULTS:

We included 51 studies with 19,775 participants suspected of having COVID-19, of whom 10,155 (51%) had a final diagnosis of COVID-19. Forty-seven studies evaluated one imaging modality each, and four studies evaluated two imaging modalities each. All studies used RT-PCR as the reference standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19, with 47 studies using only RT-PCR and four studies using a combination of RT-PCR and other criteria (such as clinical signs, imaging tests, positive contacts, and follow-up phone calls) as the reference standard. Studies were conducted in Europe (33), Asia (13), North America (3) and South America (2); including only adults (26), all ages (21), children only (1), adults over 70 years (1), and unclear (2); in inpatients (2), outpatients (32), and setting unclear (17). Risk of bias was high or unclear in thirty-two (63%) studies with respect to participant selection, 40 (78%) studies with respect to reference standard, 30 (59%) studies with respect to index test, and 24 (47%) studies with respect to participant flow. For chest CT (41 studies, 16,133 participants, 8110 (50%) cases), the sensitivity ranged from 56.3% to 100%, and specificity ranged from 25.4% to 97.4%. The pooled sensitivity of chest CT was 87.9% (95% CI 84.6 to 90.6) and the pooled specificity was 80.0% (95% CI 74.9 to 84.3). There was no statistical evidence indicating that reference standard conduct and definition for index test positivity were sources of heterogeneity for CT studies. Nine chest CT studies (2807 participants, 1139 (41%) cases) used the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) scoring system, which has five thresholds to define index test positivity. At a CO-RADS threshold of 5 (7 studies), the sensitivity ranged from 41.5% to 77.9% and the pooled sensitivity was 67.0% (95% CI 56.4 to 76.2); the specificity ranged from 83.5% to 96.2%; and the pooled specificity was 91.3% (95% CI 87.6 to 94.0). At a CO-RADS threshold of 4 (7 studies), the sensitivity ranged from 56.3% to 92.9% and the pooled sensitivity was 83.5% (95% CI 74.4 to 89.7); the specificity ranged from 77.2% to 90.4% and the pooled specificity was 83.6% (95% CI 80.5 to 86.4). For chest X-ray (9 studies, 3694 participants, 2111 (57%) cases) the sensitivity ranged from 51.9% to 94.4% and specificity ranged from 40.4% to 88.9%. The pooled sensitivity of chest X-ray was 80.6% (95% CI 69.1 to 88.6) and the pooled specificity was 71.5% (95% CI 59.8 to 80.8). For ultrasound of the lungs (5 studies, 446 participants, 211 (47%) cases) the sensitivity ranged from 68.2% to 96.8% and specificity ranged from 21.3% to 78.9%. The pooled sensitivity of ultrasound was 86.4% (95% CI 72.7 to 93.9) and the pooled specificity was 54.6% (95% CI 35.3 to 72.6). Based on an indirect comparison using all included studies, chest CT had a higher specificity than ultrasound. For indirect comparisons of chest CT and chest X-ray, or chest X-ray and ultrasound, the data did not show differences in specificity or sensitivity. AUTHORS'

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings indicate that chest CT is sensitive and moderately specific for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Chest X-ray is moderately sensitive and moderately specific for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Ultrasound is sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Thus, chest CT and ultrasound may have more utility for excluding COVID-19 than for differentiating SARS-CoV-2 infection from other causes of respiratory illness. Future diagnostic accuracy studies should pre-define positive imaging findings, include direct comparisons of the various modalities of interest in the same participant population, and implement improved reporting practices.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Radiography, Thoracic / Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Ultrasonography / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Adolescent / Adult / Aged / Child / Humans / Middle aged / Young adult Language: English Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Journal subject: Health Services Research Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 14651858.CD013639.pub4

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Radiography, Thoracic / Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Ultrasonography / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Adolescent / Adult / Aged / Child / Humans / Middle aged / Young adult Language: English Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Journal subject: Health Services Research Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 14651858.CD013639.pub4