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The Association of Social Determinants of Health With COVID-19 Mortality in Rural and Urban Counties.
Paul, Rajib; Arif, Ahmed; Pokhrel, Kamana; Ghosh, Subhanwita.
  • Paul R; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
  • Arif A; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
  • Pokhrel K; Health Analytics and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
  • Ghosh S; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
J Rural Health ; 37(2): 278-286, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1160529
ABSTRACT

PURPOSE:

To identify the county-level effects of social determinants of health (SDoH) on COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) mortality rates by rural-urban residence and estimate county-level exceedance probabilities for detecting clusters.

METHODS:

The county-level data on COVID-19 death counts as of October 23, 2020, were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University. SDoH data were collected from the County Health Ranking and Roadmaps, the US Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Semiparametric negative binomial regressions with expected counts based on standardized mortality rates as offset variables were fitted using integrated Laplace approximation. Bayesian significance was assessed by 95% credible intervals (CrI) of risk ratios (RR). County-level mortality hotspots were identified by exceedance probabilities.

FINDINGS:

The COVID-19 mortality rates per 100,000 were 65.43 for the urban and 50.78 for the rural counties. Percent of Blacks, HIV, and diabetes rates were significantly associated with higher mortality in rural and urban counties, whereas the unemployment rate (adjusted RR = 1.479, CrI = 1.171, 1.867) and residential segregation (adjusted RR = 1.034, CrI = 1.019, 1.050) were associated with increased mortality in urban counties. Counties with a higher percentage of college or associate degrees had lower COVID-19 mortality rates.

CONCLUSIONS:

SDoH plays an important role in explaining differential COVID-19 mortality rates and should be considered for resource allocations and policy decisions on operational needs for businesses and schools at county levels.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Rural Population / Urban Population / Social Determinants of Health / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Female / Humans / Male Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: J Rural Health Journal subject: Nursing / Public Health Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Jrh.12557

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Rural Population / Urban Population / Social Determinants of Health / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Female / Humans / Male Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: J Rural Health Journal subject: Nursing / Public Health Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Jrh.12557