Chloroquine Analogs: An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Quinolines as Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agents.
Curr Pharm Des
; 27(9): 1185-1193, 2021.
Article
in English
| MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1206238
ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA enveloped coronavirus, currently poses a global health threat. Drugs with quinoline scaffolds have been studied to repurpose their useful broad-spectrum properties into treating various diseases, including viruses. Preliminary studies on the quinoline medications, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, against SARS-CoV-2, have shown to be a potential area of interest for drug development due to their ability to prevent viral entry, act as anti-inflammatory modulators, and inhibit key enzymes allowing reduced viral infectivity. In addition to Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, we discussed analogs of the drugs to understand the quinoline scaffold's potential antiviral mechanisms. The heterocyclic scaffold of quinoline can be modified in many ways, primarily through the modification of its substituents. We studied these different synthetic derivatives to understand properties that could enhance its antiviral specificity thoroughly. Chloroquine and its analogs can act on various stages of the viral life cycle, pre and post entry. In this study, we reviewed chloroquine and its synthetic and natural analogs for their antiviral properties in a variety of viruses. Furthermore, we reviewed the compound's potential abilities to attenuate symptoms associated with viral infections. Natural compounds that share scaffolding to chloroquine can act as antivirals or attenuate symptoms through the stimulation of the host immune system or reduction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives of the drug's repurposing due to its ability to inhibit the beta-hematin formation and to be a Zinc Ionophore.
Keywords
Full text:
Available
Collection:
International databases
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Chloroquine
/
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Type of study:
Experimental Studies
Limits:
Humans
Language:
English
Journal:
Curr Pharm Des
Journal subject:
Pharmacy
Year:
2021
Document Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
1381612826666201211121721
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