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Characteristics, Outcomes, and Trends of Patients With COVID-19-Related Critical Illness at a Learning Health System in the United States.
Anesi, George L; Jablonski, Juliane; Harhay, Michael O; Atkins, Joshua H; Bajaj, Jasmeet; Baston, Cameron; Brennan, Patrick J; Candeloro, Christina L; Catalano, Lauren M; Cereda, Maurizio F; Chandler, John M; Christie, Jason D; Collins, Tara; Courtright, Katherine R; Fuchs, Barry D; Gordon, Emily; Greenwood, John C; Gudowski, Steven; Hanish, Asaf; Hanson, C William; Heuer, Monica; Kinniry, Paul; Kornfield, Zev Noah; Kruse, Gregory B; Lane-Fall, Meghan; Martin, Niels D; Mikkelsen, Mark E; Negoianu, Dan; Pascual, Jose L; Patel, Maulik B; Pugliese, Steven C; Qasim, Zaffer A; Reilly, John P; Salmon, John; Schweickert, William D; Scott, Michael J; Shashaty, Michael G S; Sicoutris, Corinna P; Wang, John K; Wang, Wei; Wani, Arshad A; Anderson, Brian J; Gutsche, Jacob T.
  • Anesi GL; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Jablonski J; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Harhay MO; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Atkins JH; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Bajaj J; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Baston C; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Brennan PJ; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Candeloro CL; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Catalano LM; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Cereda MF; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Chandler JM; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Christie JD; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Collins T; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Courtright KR; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Fuchs BD; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Gordon E; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Greenwood JC; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Gudowski S; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Hanish A; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Hanson CW; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Heuer M; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Kinniry P; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Kornfield ZN; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Kruse GB; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Lane-Fall M; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Martin ND; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Mikkelsen ME; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Negoianu D; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Pascual JL; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Patel MB; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Pugliese SC; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Qasim ZA; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Reilly JP; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Salmon J; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Schweickert WD; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Scott MJ; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Shashaty MGS; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Sicoutris CP; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Wang JK; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Wang W; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Wani AA; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Anderson BJ; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
  • Gutsche JT; University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.L.A., J.J., M.O.H., J.H.A., J.B., C.B., P.J.B., C.L.C., L.M.C., M.F.C., J.M.C., J.D.C., T.C., K.R.C., B.D.F., E.G., J.C.G., S.G., A.H., C.W.H., M.H., P.K., Z.N.K., G.B.K., M.L., N.D.M., M.E.M., D.N., J.L.P., M.B.P., S.C.P., Z.A.
Ann Intern Med ; 174(5): 613-621, 2021 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1239133
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to surge in the United States and globally.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the epidemiology of COVID-19-related critical illness, including trends in outcomes and care delivery.

DESIGN:

Single-health system, multihospital retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:

5 hospitals within the University of Pennsylvania Health System. PATIENTS Adults with COVID-19-related critical illness who were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute respiratory failure or shock during the initial surge of the pandemic. MEASUREMENTS The primary exposure for outcomes and care delivery trend analyses was longitudinal time during the pandemic. The primary outcome was all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death at any time, receipt of mechanical ventilation (MV), and readmissions.

RESULTS:

Among 468 patients with COVID-19-related critical illness, 319 (68.2%) were treated with MV and 121 (25.9%) with vasopressors. Outcomes were notable for an all-cause 28-day in-hospital mortality rate of 29.9%, a median ICU stay of 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 17 days), a median hospital stay of 13 days (IQR, 7 to 25 days), and an all-cause 30-day readmission rate (among nonhospice survivors) of 10.8%. Mortality decreased over time, from 43.5% (95% CI, 31.3% to 53.8%) to 19.2% (CI, 11.6% to 26.7%) between the first and last 15-day periods in the core adjusted model, whereas patient acuity and other factors did not change.

LIMITATIONS:

Single-health system study; use of, or highly dynamic trends in, other clinical interventions were not evaluated, nor were complications.

CONCLUSION:

Among patients with COVID-19-related critical illness admitted to ICUs of a learning health system in the United States, mortality seemed to decrease over time despite stable patient characteristics. Further studies are necessary to confirm this result and to investigate causal mechanisms. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Pneumonia, Viral / Shock / Critical Illness / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: Ann Intern Med Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: M20-5327

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Pneumonia, Viral / Shock / Critical Illness / COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: Ann Intern Med Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: M20-5327