Monthly trends in self-reported health status and depression by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, April 2020 - May 2021.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Research has shown worsening physical and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends in general and mental health inequalities during the pandemic in the US have not been analyzed in detail. METHODS: Using Census Bureau's nationally representative pooled Household Pulse Survey (HPS) from April 2020 to May 2021 (N = 1,144,405), we examined monthly trends and disparities in health status by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic regression models and disparity indices were used to analyze trends and inequalities. RESULTS: During the pandemic, the adjusted odds of fair and/or poor health were, respectively, 33%, 157%, 398%, 22% higher for non-Hispanic others, adults with <high school education, those with income <$25,000, and renters, compared to non-Hispanic Whites, those with ≥master's degree, those with incomes ≥$200,000, and homeowners. The adjusted odds of serious depression were, respectively, 49%, 130%, 25% higher for adults with <high school education, with income <$25,000, and renters, compared to their higher-SES counterparts. Disparity indices show increasing trends in racial and/or ethnic and some SES disparities in general and mental health during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the rising trends and inequalities in physical and mental health, increased policy efforts are needed to reduce health disparities during the ongoing pandemic and beyond.