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The Epidemic Failure Cycle hypothesis: Towards understanding the global community's recent failures in responding to an epidemic.
Richter, Dirk; Zuercher, Simeon.
  • Richter D; Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Bern University Hospital for Mental Health, Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Switzerland. Electronic address: dirk.richter@bfh.ch.
  • Zuercher S; Bern University Hospital for Mental Health, Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Bern, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Switzerland.
J Infect Public Health ; 14(11): 1614-1619, 2021 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1401633
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

Within a few years, the global community has failed twice in responding to large viral infection outbreaks the Ebola epidemic in 2014 and the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic in 2020. There is, however, no systematic approach or research available that analyses the repeated failures with regard to an adequate response to an epidemic.

METHODS:

For a better understanding of failing societal responses, we have analysed the available research literature on societal responses to epidemics and we propose a framework called the 'Epidemic Failure Cycle' (EFC).

RESULTS:

The EFC consists of four phases Negligence, Arrogance/Denial, Panic and Analysis/Self-criticism. These phases fit largely with the current World Health Organization pandemic influenza phases Interpandemic, Alert, Pandemic, Transition. By utilizing the Ebola epidemic and the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic as case studies, we show striking similarities in the response to these outbreaks during both crises. Finally, we suggest three major areas to be of utmost importance for triggering and maintaining the EFC. In terms of ecology, zoonoses, supposed to be the main biological origin for virus epidemics, have been largely neglected by politicians, the media and the scientific community. Socioeconomic and cultural conditions such as harsh living and working conditions as well as conspiracy theories hinder effective preventive and counter measures against epidemics. Lastly, in terms of epistemology, the reliance on knowledge about previous outbreaks has led to slow and inadequate decisions.

CONCLUSIONS:

We conclude that any current society has to be aware of the risks of repeating responses to epidemics that will fail. Being aware of the societal mechanisms that trigger inadequate responses may help to get to more appropriate decisions in the face of an epidemic.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Epidemics / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: J Infect Public Health Journal subject: Communicable Diseases / Public Health Year: 2021 Document Type: Article

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Epidemics / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: J Infect Public Health Journal subject: Communicable Diseases / Public Health Year: 2021 Document Type: Article