GDF15: an emerging modulator of immunity and a strategy in COVID-19 in association with iron metabolism.
Trends Endocrinol Metab
; 32(11): 875-889, 2021 11.
Article
in English
| MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1401891
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 encodes the structural proteins spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). The receptor-binding domain on the surface subunit S1 is responsible for attachment of the virus to angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is highly expressed in host cells. The cytokine storm observed in patients with COVID-19 contributes to the endothelial vascular dysfunction, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, alteration in iron homeostasis, and death. Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which belongs to the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily of proteins, has a pivotal role in the development and progression of diseases because of its role as a metabolic regulator. In COVID-19, GDF15 activity increases in response to tissue damage. GDF15 appears to be a strong predictor of poor outcomes in patients critically ill with COVID-19 and acts as an 'inflammation-induced central mediator of tissue tolerance' via its metabolic properties. In this review, we examine the potential properties of GDF15 as an emerging modulator of immunity in COVID-19 in association with iron metabolism. The virus life cycle in host cell provides potential targets for drug therapy.
Keywords
Full text:
Available
Collection:
International databases
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Endothelium, Vascular
/
Growth Differentiation Factor 15
/
Cytokine Release Syndrome
/
COVID-19
/
Iron
Type of study:
Prognostic study
Limits:
Humans
Language:
English
Journal:
Trends Endocrinol Metab
Journal subject:
Endocrinology
/
Metabolism
Year:
2021
Document Type:
Article
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