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Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme.
Deb, Rinki; Singh, Rudra Pratap; Mishra, Prabhas Kumar; Hitchins, Lisa; Reid, Emma; Barwa, Arti Manorama; Patra, Debanjan; Das, Chandrima; Sukla, Indranil; Srivastava, Ashish Kumar; Raj, Shilpa; Mishra, Swikruti; Swain, Madhuri; Mondal, Swapna; Mandal, Udita; Foster, Geraldine M; Trett, Anna; Garrod, Gala; McKenzie, Laura; Ali, Asgar; Morchan, Karthick; Chaudhuri, Indrajit; Roy, Nupur; Gill, Naresh K; Singh, Chandramani; Agarwal, Neeraj; Sharma, Sadhana; Stanton, Michelle C; Hemingway, Janet; Srikantiah, Sridhar; Coleman, Michael.
  • Deb R; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Singh RP; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Mishra PK; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Hitchins L; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Reid E; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Barwa AM; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Patra D; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Das C; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Sukla I; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Srivastava AK; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Raj S; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Mishra S; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Swain M; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Mondal S; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Mandal U; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Foster GM; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Trett A; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Garrod G; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • McKenzie L; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Ali A; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Morchan K; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Chaudhuri I; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Roy N; National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India.
  • Gill NK; National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi, India.
  • Singh C; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.
  • Agarwal N; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.
  • Sharma S; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India.
  • Stanton MC; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Hemingway J; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
  • Srikantiah S; CARE India, Patna, India.
  • Coleman M; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(8): e0009101, 2021 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1416858
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

In 2005, Bangladesh, India and Nepal agreed to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem. The approach to this was through improved case detection and treatment, and controlling transmission by the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes, with indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide. Initially, India applied DDT with stirrup pumps for IRS, however, this did not reduce transmission. After 2015 onwards, the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin was applied with compression pumps, and entomological surveillance was initiated in 2016.

METHODS:

Eight sentinel sites were established in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. IRS coverage was monitored by household survey, quality of insecticide application was measured by HPLC, presence and abundance of the VL vector was monitored by CDC light traps, insecticide resistance was measured with WHO diagnostic assays and case incidence was determined from the VL case register KAMIS.

RESULTS:

Complete treatment of houses with IRS increased across all sites from 57% in 2016 to 70% of houses in 2019, rising to >80% if partial house IRS coverage is included (except West Bengal). The quality of insecticide application has improved compared to previous studies, average doses of insecticide on filters papers ranged from 1.52 times the target dose of 25mg/m2 alpha-cypermethrin in 2019 to 1.67 times in 2018. Resistance to DDT has continued to increase, but the vector was not resistant to carbamates, organophosphates or pyrethroids. The annual and seasonal abundance of P. argentipes declined between 2016 to 2019 with an overall infection rate of 0.03%. This was associated with a decline in VL incidence for the blocks represented by the sentinel sites from 1.16 per 10,000 population in 2016 to 0.51 per 10,000 in 2019.

CONCLUSION:

Through effective case detection and management reducing the infection reservoirs for P. argentipes in the human population combined with IRS keeping P. argentipes abundance and infectivity low has reduced VL transmission. This combination of effective case management and vector control has now brought India within reach of the VL elimination targets.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Phlebotomus / Insect Control / Insect Vectors / Insecticides / Leishmaniasis, Visceral Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study Limits: Animals / Female / Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Journal subject: Tropical Medicine Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Journal.pntd.0009101

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Phlebotomus / Insect Control / Insect Vectors / Insecticides / Leishmaniasis, Visceral Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study Limits: Animals / Female / Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Journal subject: Tropical Medicine Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Journal.pntd.0009101