COVID-19-Associated Acute Transverse Myelitis: A Case Series of a Rare Neurologic Condition.

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection is not confined to the respiratory system, but has also shown extra-pulmonary invasion including the nervous system. About 36.4% of hospitalized patients in China with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection had neurological manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the human body through angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors on the surface of human cells and causes disease. ACE2 receptors are also expressed on the surface of spinal cord cells. More rare neurologic conditions have been reported in the literature to be associated with COVID-19 such as acute transverse myelitis (ATM), Guillain Barre syndrome, acute flaccid myelitis, etc. We report two cases of confirmed COVID-19 who presented four to five days of their COVID-19 symptoms and progressive bilateral lower limb weakness and urinary retention. ATM is an acquired spinal cord disorder. ATM is a relatively common neurological complication of COVID-19, accounting for 1.2% of all neurological complications associated with COVID-19. The mechanism by which COVID-19 causes ATM is not completely understood but has been assumed to be due to the structural resemblance of RNA viruses. Entrance of SARS-CoV-2 to the nervous system can take place through two pathways, either directly or indirectly. The direct pathway is through trans-synaptic transmission from the peripheral nervous system or by hematogenous spread into the blood-brain barrier through ACE-2, while the indirect pathway is through a systemic immune response.