Influence of Vitamin D3 Levels and T Cell-Related Cytokines in Human Milk on Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection in Lactating Women.

ABSTRACT

Background: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Vitamin D deficient mothers are more likely to have infants with vitamin D deficiency, affecting their immunity and protection against infection. This study aimed at comparing the concentrations of vitamin D3 and T cell-related cytokines in milk between mothers with confirmed COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, mothers with viral infections suggestive of COVID-19, and mothers without infection. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of vitamin D3 and T cell-related cytokines in milk samples were determined by ELISA from 10 mothers who had a positive COVID-19 PCR test, 10 mothers with viral symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, and 20 mothers without infection. Results: Vitamin D3 concentration in human milk was higher in women without infection than in women with viral symptoms or COVID-19 PCR. Interleukin-2 level in milk was higher in the no-infection group than the COVID-19 PCR group but it did not differ with the viral symptoms group. Vitamin D3 did not correlate with any cytokines in human milk. Prenatal vitamin intake did not affect the vitamin D3 in human milk. The percentage of milk from mothers with <20 ng/mL of vitamin D3 was 50% in the COVID-19 PCR group, 60% in the viral symptoms group, and 5% in the no-infection group. Conclusions: Vitamin D3 level in breast milk may influence maternal immunity against COVID-19 infection. A larger study is needed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D3 concentration in breast milk, maternal immune response, and the incidence of COVID-19 infection in lactating mothers.