The second wave of COVID-19 results in outbreak of mucormycosis: diabetes and immunological perspective.
Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig
; 43(3): 353-355, 2022 Sep 01.
Article
in English
| MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1573640
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the potential relationship between COVID-19 pandemic and mucormycosis outbreak.METHODS:
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for the term "COVID-19 and mucormycosis" up to May 31, 2021.RESULTS:
After the second wave of COVID-19, the mucormycosis outbreak complicates the natural course of COVID-19. COVID-19 patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis, excessive glucocorticoid use, prolonged neutropenia, malnutrition and any underlying immunocompromised conditions are at risk of developing mucormycosis.CONCLUSIONS:
Hyperglycaemia impairs the motility of phagocytes and also decreases the oxidative and non-oxidative mechanism of killing the causative pathogen. Chronic hyperglycemia also leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE), which leads to cross-linking between key proteins of inflammation and connective tissue such as collagen which makes tissue susceptible to immunological dysregulation. The receptor for AGE (RAGE) is expressed on various inflammatory cells including neutrophils and its activation by AGEs leads to activation of many down signaling pathways which ultimately leads to impairment of the inflammatory response. Hyperglycemia also increases serum Nitric Oxide (NO), which decreases neutrophil motility and reduces the synthesis and release of various inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1ß, IL-6. It also decreases the expression of adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 and ICAM-2, on neutrophils. Steroids cause immunosuppression majorly by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway which is a transcription factor involved in the synthesis of many immunological mediators such as Interleukins, cytokines, chemokines, etc., and various adhesion molecules.Keywords
Full text:
Available
Collection:
International databases
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Diabetes Mellitus
/
COVID-19
/
Hyperglycemia
/
Mucormycosis
Type of study:
Experimental Studies
/
Observational study
/
Prognostic study
/
Randomized controlled trials
/
Reviews
Topics:
Long Covid
Limits:
Humans
Language:
English
Journal:
Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig
Year:
2022
Document Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Hmbci-2021-0072
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