Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias
Economic Inquiry
; : 21, 2021.
Article
in English
| Web of Science | ID: covidwho-1577409
ABSTRACT
We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether social pressure from a home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout effect of an empty stadium was that referees cautioned visiting players less often, by over a third of a yellow card per match or once for every 22 fouls committed. Stadium crowds caused referees to favor the home team in their decision-making. Empty stadiums appear to have reduced the overall home advantage in the final outcomes of football matches, but we cannot statistically reject no effect.
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Collection:
Databases of international organizations
Database:
Web of Science
Language:
English
Journal:
Economic Inquiry
Year:
2021
Document Type:
Article
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