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Levamisole Therapy in COVID-19.
Al-Kuraishy, Hayder M; Al-Gareeb, Ali I; Alkazmi, Luay; Alexiou, Athanasios; Batiha, Gaber El-Saber.
  • Al-Kuraishy HM; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Al-Gareeb AI; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Alkazmi L; Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alexiou A; Department of Social Studies and Arts, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia.
  • Batiha GE; AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria.
Viral Immunol ; 34(10): 722-725, 2021 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1591011
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects various organs, primarily the respiratory system, and presented with pulmonary manifestations such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Levamisole (LVM) is an anthelminthic drug; it has immune-modulating effects through induction of type 1 immune response. Based on these findings several recent studies highlighted that LVM might be effective in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. The aim of this report is to illustrate the potential role of LVM in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the management of COVID-19. Different studies proposed that LVM may inhibit proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 through inhibition of papain-like protease. LVM may prevent ALI and acute kidney injury through activation of glucocorticoid receptors. In general, LVM has strong immune stimulant effects by modulating cellular and humoral immune responses. This effect is beneficial in the early phase of COVID-19 and harmful in the late phase. In the early phase, immune stimulation facilitates SARS-CoV-2 clearance and tissue repair, however, in the late phase, immune stimulation in COVID-19 may increase propagation risk of cytokine storm. In conclusion, LVM therapy in COVID-19 has bidirectional effects, beneficial in the early phase and harmful effects in the late phase of COVID-19. Clinical trial and prospective studies are warranted in this regard to confirm the efficacy and timing administration of LVM in the management of COVID-19.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Levamisole / COVID-19 / COVID-19 Drug Treatment Type of study: Cohort study / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Viral Immunol Journal subject: Allergy and Immunology / Virology Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Vim.2021.0042

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Levamisole / COVID-19 / COVID-19 Drug Treatment Type of study: Cohort study / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Viral Immunol Journal subject: Allergy and Immunology / Virology Year: 2021 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Vim.2021.0042