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Calcium Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Shedding of ACE2 Catalytic Ectodomain: New Insights for Clinical and Therapeutic Applications of ACE2 for COVID-19.
García-Escobar, Artemio; Vera-Vera, Silvio; Jurado-Román, Alfonso; Jiménez-Valero, Santiago; Galeote, Guillermo; Moreno, Raúl.
  • García-Escobar A; Cardiology Department, Interventional Cardiology Section, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
  • Vera-Vera S; Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
  • Jurado-Román A; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
  • Jiménez-Valero S; Cardiology Department, Interventional Cardiology Section, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
  • Galeote G; Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPAZ), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
  • Moreno R; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Biomolecules ; 12(1)2022 01 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1613606
ABSTRACT
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a type I integral membrane that exists in two forms the first is a transmembrane protein; the second is a soluble catalytic ectodomain of ACE2. The catalytic ectodomain of ACE2 undergoes shedding by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), in which calmodulin mediates the calcium signaling pathway that is involved in ACE2 release, resulting in a soluble catalytic ectodomain of ACE2 that can be measured as soluble ACE2 plasma activity. The shedding of the ACE2 catalytic ectodomain plays a role in cardiac remodeling and endothelial dysfunction and is a predictor of all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular mortality. Moreover, considerable evidence supports that the ACE2 catalytic ectodomain is an essential entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Additionally, endotoxins and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) all enhanced soluble catalytic ectodomain ACE2 shedding from the airway epithelia, suggesting that the shedding of ACE2 may represent a mechanism by which viral entry and infection may be controlled such as some types of betacoronavirus. In this regard, ACE2 plays an important role in inflammation and thrombotic response, and its down-regulation may aggravate COVID-19 via the renin-angiotensin system, including by promoting pathological changes in lung injury. Soluble forms of ACE2 have recently been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, given that vitamin D enhanced the shedding of ACE2, some studies reported that vitamin D treatment is associated with prognosis improvement in COVID-19. This is an updated review on the evidence, clinical, and therapeutic applications of ACE2 for COVID-19.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Renin-Angiotensin System / Calcium Signaling / Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Prognostic study Limits: Humans Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Biom12010076

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Renin-Angiotensin System / Calcium Signaling / Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 / SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Prognostic study Limits: Humans Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Biom12010076