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Effects of COVID-19 lockdown and unlock on the health of tropical large river with associated human health risk.
Chakraborty, Baisakhi; Bera, Biswajit; Adhikary, Partha Pratim; Bhattacharjee, Sumana; Roy, Sambhunath; Saha, Soumik; Sengupta, Debashish; Shit, Pravat Kumar.
  • Chakraborty B; PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L, Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India.
  • Bera B; Department of Geography, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, India.
  • Adhikary PP; ICAR Indian Institute Water Management, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
  • Bhattacharjee S; Department of Geography, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, University of Calcutta, 30, Prince Anwar Shah Rd, Badam Talla, Tollygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700033, India.
  • Roy S; PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L, Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India.
  • Saha S; Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata, 700019, India.
  • Sengupta D; Department of Geology & Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, 721302, (West Bengal), India.
  • Shit PK; PG Department of Geography, Raja N. L, Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Gope Palace, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India. pravatgeo2007@gmail.com.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(24): 37041-37056, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1627207
ABSTRACT
River Damodar (India) is one of the most significant tropical large rivers and this river is carrying predominantly industrial effluents, urban sewage, and non-degradable chemical agricultural fertilizers. Several industries, cities, and townships directly depend on this important river throughout the year. It is highly essential to evaluate its surface water quality, characteristics, and improvement status during the COVID-19 lockdown and unlock phases. The major objectives of the present study are to analyse changing nature of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Fe) and microbial load (TVC, TC, and FC) of river water and to identify heavy metals impact on water quality and human health in pre, during, and after unlocking of COVID-19 lockdown. Here, a total of 33 water samples have been collected in the pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlock phases. The results showed that decreasing trend of the microbial load was found in the lockdown phase. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI) illustrated that all samples are highly polluted (HPI > 150) during the pre-lockdown phase, while during the lockdown phase; HPI showed that around 54.54% of samples have been positively changed (low pollution level). During the unlock phase, 45.45% of samples were again amplified to the high pollution level. Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated strong relation among heavy metals with faecal coliform at a 0.05% level of significance. Noncarcinogenic hazard index (HI) shows the higher possibility of health risk (HI > 1) particularly for children in all the phases and during the lockdown phase, 36.36% of samples showed no possible health risk for adults (HI < 1). However, HI of dermal contact showed no possible health risk for children and adults in the assessment periods. This applied research can definitely assist planners and administrators in making effective solutions regarding public health.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Water Pollutants, Chemical / Metals, Heavy / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Prognostic study Limits: Adult / Child / Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Journal subject: Environmental Health / Toxicology Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S11356-021-17881-w

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Water Pollutants, Chemical / Metals, Heavy / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Prognostic study Limits: Adult / Child / Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Journal subject: Environmental Health / Toxicology Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S11356-021-17881-w