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A 680,000-person megastudy of nudges to encourage vaccination in pharmacies.
Milkman, Katherine L; Gandhi, Linnea; Patel, Mitesh S; Graci, Heather N; Gromet, Dena M; Ho, Hung; Kay, Joseph S; Lee, Timothy W; Rothschild, Jake; Bogard, Jonathan E; Brody, Ilana; Chabris, Christopher F; Chang, Edward; Chapman, Gretchen B; Dannals, Jennifer E; Goldstein, Noah J; Goren, Amir; Hershfield, Hal; Hirsch, Alex; Hmurovic, Jillian; Horn, Samantha; Karlan, Dean S; Kristal, Ariella S; Lamberton, Cait; Meyer, Michelle N; Oakes, Allison H; Schweitzer, Maurice E; Shermohammed, Maheen; Talloen, Joachim; Warren, Caleb; Whillans, Ashley; Yadav, Kuldeep N; Zlatev, Julian J; Berman, Ron; Evans, Chalanda N; Ladhania, Rahul; Ludwig, Jens; Mazar, Nina; Mullainathan, Sendhil; Snider, Christopher K; Spiess, Jann; Tsukayama, Eli; Ungar, Lyle; Van den Bulte, Christophe; Volpp, Kevin G; Duckworth, Angela L.
  • Milkman KL; Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; kmilkman@wharton.upenn.edu.
  • Gandhi L; Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Patel MS; Ascension Health, St. Louis, MO 63105.
  • Graci HN; Behavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Gromet DM; Behavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Ho H; Department of Marketing, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL 60637.
  • Kay JS; Behavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Lee TW; School of Professional Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
  • Rothschild J; Behavior Change for Good Initiative, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Bogard JE; Department of Behavioral Decision Making, Anderson School of Mangement, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
  • Brody I; Department of Behavioral Decision Making, Anderson School of Mangement, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
  • Chabris CF; Behavioral Insights Team, Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822.
  • Chang E; Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02163.
  • Chapman GB; Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
  • Dannals JE; Department of Strategy and Management, Tuck Business School, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 15213.
  • Goldstein NJ; Department of Management and Organizations, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
  • Goren A; Behavioral Insights Team, Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822.
  • Hershfield H; Department of Marketing, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
  • Hirsch A; Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Hmurovic J; Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Horn S; Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
  • Karlan DS; Department of Finance, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
  • Kristal AS; Department of Organizational Behavior, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163.
  • Lamberton C; Department of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Meyer MN; Behavioral Insights Team, Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822.
  • Oakes AH; Anthem, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46203.
  • Schweitzer ME; Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Shermohammed M; Behavioral Insights Team, Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822.
  • Talloen J; Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
  • Warren C; Department of Marketing, Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
  • Whillans A; Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02163.
  • Yadav KN; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Zlatev JJ; Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02163.
  • Berman R; Department of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Evans CN; Penn Medicine Nudge Unit, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Ladhania R; Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
  • Ludwig J; Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627.
  • Mazar N; Department of Marketing, Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.
  • Mullainathan S; Department of Behavioral Science, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.
  • Snider CK; Center for Health Care Innovation, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Spiess J; Department of Operations, Information, and Technology, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • Tsukayama E; Business Administration Division, University of Hawai`i-West O`ahu, Kapolei, HI 96707.
  • Ungar L; Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Van den Bulte C; Department of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Volpp KG; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Departments of Medical Ethics and Health Policy and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Duckworth AL; Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 119(6)2022 02 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1671752
ABSTRACT
Encouraging vaccination is a pressing policy problem. To assess whether text-based reminders can encourage pharmacy vaccination and what kinds of messages work best, we conducted a megastudy. We randomly assigned 689,693 Walmart pharmacy patients to receive one of 22 different text reminders using a variety of different behavioral science principles to nudge flu vaccination or to a business-as-usual control condition that received no messages. We found that the reminder texts that we tested increased pharmacy vaccination rates by an average of 2.0 percentage points, or 6.8%, over a 3-mo follow-up period. The most-effective messages reminded patients that a flu shot was waiting for them and delivered reminders on multiple days. The top-performing intervention included two texts delivered 3 d apart and communicated to patients that a vaccine was "waiting for you." Neither experts nor lay people anticipated that this would be the best-performing treatment, underscoring the value of simultaneously testing many different nudges in a highly powered megastudy.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Pharmacies / Influenza Vaccines / Vaccination / Immunization Programs Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Vaccines Limits: Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Pharmacies / Influenza Vaccines / Vaccination / Immunization Programs Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Vaccines Limits: Aged / Female / Humans / Male / Middle aged Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article