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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, river water, and hospital wastewater of Nepal.
Tandukar, Sarmila; Sthapit, Niva; Thakali, Ocean; Malla, Bikash; Sherchan, Samendra P; Shakya, Bijay Man; Shrestha, Laxman P; Sherchand, Jeevan B; Joshi, Dev Raj; Lama, Bhupendra; Haramoto, Eiji.
  • Tandukar S; Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan; Policy Research Institute, Sano Gaucharan, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  • Sthapit N; Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
  • Thakali O; Department of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
  • Malla B; Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
  • Sherchan SP; Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
  • Shakya BM; Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
  • Shrestha LP; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal.
  • Sherchand JB; Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal.
  • Joshi DR; Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
  • Lama B; Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
  • Haramoto E; Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan. Electronic address: eharamoto@yamanashi.ac.jp.
Sci Total Environ ; 824: 153816, 2022 Jun 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1676914
ABSTRACT
The applicability of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been extensively studied throughout the world with remarkable findings. This study reports the presence and reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Nepal, along with river water, hospital wastewater (HWW), and wastewater from sewer lines collected between July 2020 and February 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 50%, 54%, 100%, and 100% of water samples from WWTPs, river hospitals, and sewer lines, respectively, by at least one of four quantitative PCR assays tested (CDC-N1, CDC-N2, NIID_2019-nCOV_N, and N_Sarbeco). The CDC-N2 assay detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the highest number of raw influent samples of both WWTPs. The highest concentration was observed for an influent sample of WWTP A (5.5 ± 1.0 log10 genome copies/L) by the N_Sarbeco assay. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 47% (16/34) of the total treated effluents of WWTPs, indicating that biological treatments installed at the tested WWTPs are not enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 RNA. One influent sample was positive for N501Y mutation using the mutation-specific qPCR, highlighting a need for further typing of water samples to detect Variants of Concern. Furthermore, crAssphage-normalized SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in raw wastewater did not show any significant association with the number of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the whole district where the WWTPs were located, suggesting a need for further studies focusing on suitability of viral as well as biochemical markers as a population normalizing factor. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA before, after, and during the peaking in number of COVID-19 cases suggests that WBE is a useful tool for COVID-19 case estimation in developing countries.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Wastewater / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study Topics: Variants Limits: Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: Sci Total Environ Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: J.scitotenv.2022.153816

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Wastewater / COVID-19 Type of study: Experimental Studies / Observational study Topics: Variants Limits: Humans Country/Region as subject: Asia Language: English Journal: Sci Total Environ Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: J.scitotenv.2022.153816