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Case Report: Evolution of Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Two COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections After BNT162b2 Vaccine
Frontiers in immunology ; 13, 2022.
Article in English | EuropePMC | ID: covidwho-1733147
ABSTRACT
Background SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections after complete vaccination are increasing whereas their determinants remain uncharacterized. Methods We analyzed two cases of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections by α and β variants, respectively. For each participant both humoral (binding and neutralizing antibodies) and cellular (activation markers and cytokine expression) immune responses were characterized longitudinally. Results The first participant (P1) was infected by an α variant and displayed an extended and short period of viral excretion and symptom. Analysis of cellular and humoral response 72 h post-symptom onset revealed that P1 failed at developing neutralizing antibodies and a potent CD4 memory response (lack of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+IL-2+ cells) and CD8 effector response (CD8+IFNγ+ cells). The second participant (P2) developed post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection by a β variant, associated with a short period of viral excretion and symptoms. Despite displaying initially high levels and polyfunctional T cell responses, P2 lacked initial β-directed neutralizing antibodies. Both participants developed and/or increased their neutralization activity and cellular responses against all variants, namely, β and δ variants that lasts up to 3 months after breakthrough infection. Conclusions An analysis of cellular and humoral response suggests two possible mechanisms of breakthrough infection a poor immune response to vaccine and viral evasion to neutralizing antibodies.
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Collection: Databases of international organizations Database: EuropePMC Type of study: Case report Topics: Vaccines Language: English Journal: Frontiers in immunology Year: 2022 Document Type: Article

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Collection: Databases of international organizations Database: EuropePMC Type of study: Case report Topics: Vaccines Language: English Journal: Frontiers in immunology Year: 2022 Document Type: Article