Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT

Background Multiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria. Methods The data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and well-ness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns. Results In total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk (p < 0.05);living with HIV (AOR 3.88;95% CI 3.22–4.69);having COVID-19 symptoms but not tested (AOR 1.61;95% CI 1.30–1.99);having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR 1.28;95% CI 1.07–1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR 1.43;95% CI 1.24–1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile (p < 0.05);living with HIV (AOR 1.64;95% CI 1.32–2.04);had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR 1.35;95% CI 1.08–1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR 1.53;95% CI 1.28–1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile (p < 0.05);living with HIV (AOR 2.49;95% CI 1.89–3.28);and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR 1.41;95% CI 1.02–1.94). Factors associated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles (p < 0.05). Conclusion The study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.