Association between depression anxiety and stress with sleep quality in Indonesian people during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT

To prevent the spread of COVID-19 authorities implemented health protocols such as quarantine large-scale social restrictions and lockdowns. Data on the psychological effects and sleep quality as a result of these health protocols are still limited. This study was aimed to determine the association between depression anxiety and stress with sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. An online survey was used to do a cross-sectional study among students in Indonesia. Sociodemographic information including age gender religion level of education and regions was analyzed. Levels of depression anxiety and stress were measured using the DASS-21 questionnaire. Sleep quality was determined using Pittsburgh Sleeping Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Chi-square was used to evaluate the variables for bivariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 913 participants from across Indonesia included to this study. Adolescent (OR=0.367 95% CI=0.199-0.679) female (OR=1.437 95% CI=1.095-1.886) and high school students (OR= 0.737 95% CI=0.544-0.999) had a higher risk for having poor sleep quality. In the multivariate analysis there were significant relationship between sleep quality with depression (Adjusted OR= 1.887 95% CI=1.330-2.679) anxiety (Adjusted OR=1.731 95% CI=1.221-2.455) stress (Adjusted OR= 2.577 95% CI=1.617-4.107) use of sleeping medication (Adjusted OR=9.070 95% CI=2.062-39.896) and age (Adjusted OR= 0.414 95% CI= 0.205-0.837). There was an association between depression anxiety stress consumption of sleeping medication age and poor sleep quality during the pandemic in Indonesia.