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Theophylline: Old Drug in a New Light, Application in COVID-19 through Computational Studies.
Montaño, Luis M; Sommer, Bettina; Gomez-Verjan, Juan C; Morales-Paoli, Genaro S; Ramírez-Salinas, Gema Lizbeth; Solís-Chagoyán, Héctor; Sanchez-Florentino, Zuly A; Calixto, Eduardo; Pérez-Figueroa, Gloria E; Carter, Rohan; Jaimez-Melgoza, Ruth; Romero-Martínez, Bianca S; Flores-Soto, Edgar.
  • Montaño LM; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico.
  • Sommer B; Laboratorio de Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de México 14080, CP, Mexico.
  • Gomez-Verjan JC; Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Ciudad de México 10200, CP, Mexico.
  • Morales-Paoli GS; Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Ciudad de México 10200, CP, Mexico.
  • Ramírez-Salinas GL; Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Méx
  • Solís-Chagoyán H; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad de México 14510, CP, Mexico.
  • Sanchez-Florentino ZA; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México 14370, CP, Mexico.
  • Calixto E; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México 14370, CP, Mexico.
  • Pérez-Figueroa GE; Departamento de Neurobiología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México 14370, CP, Mexico.
  • Carter R; Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Unidad Periférica en el Estudio de la Neuroinflamación en Patologías Neurológicas, Ciudad de México 06720, CP, Mexico.
  • Jaimez-Melgoza R; Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, CP, Mexico.
  • Romero-Martínez BS; FRACGP/MBBS, Murchison Outreach Service Mount Magnet Western Australia, Mount Magnet, WA 6530, Australia.
  • Flores-Soto E; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico.
Int J Mol Sci ; 23(8)2022 Apr 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1785748
ABSTRACT
Theophylline (3-methyxanthine) is a historically prominent drug used to treat respiratory diseases, alone or in combination with other drugs. The rapid onset of the COVID-19 pandemic urged the development of effective pharmacological treatments to directly attack the development of new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and possess a therapeutical battery of compounds that could improve the current management of the disease worldwide. In this context, theophylline, through bronchodilatory, immunomodulatory, and potentially antiviral mechanisms, is an interesting proposal as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, it is essential to understand how this compound could behave against such a disease, not only at a pharmacodynamic but also at a pharmacokinetic level. In this sense, the quickest approach in drug discovery is through different computational methods, either from network pharmacology or from quantitative systems pharmacology approaches. In the present review, we explore the possibility of using theophylline in the treatment of COVID-19 patients since it seems to be a relevant candidate by aiming at several immunological targets involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Theophylline down-regulates the inflammatory processes activated by SARS-CoV-2 through various mechanisms, and herein, they are discussed by reviewing computational simulation studies and their different applications and effects.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Drug Treatment Topics: Variants Limits: Humans Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Ijms23084167

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Drug Treatment Topics: Variants Limits: Humans Language: English Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Ijms23084167