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Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients.
Al-Mterin, Mohammad A; Alsalman, Alhasan; Elkord, Eyad.
  • Al-Mterin MA; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
  • Alsalman A; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
  • Elkord E; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
Front Immunol ; 13: 870283, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1793011
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Type of study: Prognostic study Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Front Immunol Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Fimmu.2022.870283

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Type of study: Prognostic study Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Front Immunol Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Fimmu.2022.870283