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The influence of structural racism, pandemic stress, and SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes.
Janevic, Teresa; Lieb, Whitney; Ibroci, Erona; Lynch, Jezelle; Lieber, Molly; Molenaar, Nina M; Rommel, Anna-Sophie; de Witte, Lotje; Ohrn, Sophie; Carreño, Juan Manuel; Krammer, Florian; Zapata, Lauren B; Snead, Margaret Christine; Brody, Rachel I; Jessel, Rebecca H; Sestito, Stephanie; Adler, Alan; Afzal, Omara; Gigase, Frederieke; Missall, Roy; Carrión, Daniel; Stone, Joanne; Bergink, Veerle; Dolan, Siobhan M; Howell, Elizabeth A.
  • Janevic T; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan); Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn Sch
  • Lieb W; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan); Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn Sch
  • Ibroci E; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • Lynch J; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb and Ms Lynch).
  • Lieber M; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Molenaar NM; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • Rommel AS; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • de Witte L; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • Ohrn S; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Carreño JM; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Dr. Carreño, Krammer Serology Core Study Group, and Dr Krammer).
  • Krammer F; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Dr. Carreño, Krammer Serology Core Study Group, and Dr Krammer).
  • Zapata LB; COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Drs Zapata and Snead).
  • Snead MC; COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (Drs Zapata and Snead).
  • Brody RI; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Dr Brody).
  • Jessel RH; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Sestito S; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Adler A; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Afzal O; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Gigase F; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • Missall R; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Ms Ibroci, Drs Molenaar, Rommel, and de Witte, Ms. Gigase, Mr. Missall, and Dr Bergink).
  • Carrión D; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (Dr Carrión).
  • Stone J; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan).
  • Bergink V; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan); Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn Sch
  • Dolan SM; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY (Drs Janevic and Lieb, Ms Lieber, Ms. Ohrn, Dr Jessel, Ms Sestito, and Drs Adler, Afzal, Stone, Bergink, and Dolan); Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn Sch
  • Howell EA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Dr Howell).
Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM ; 4(4): 100649, 2022 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1800219
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

Structural racism and pandemic-related stress from the COVID-19 pandemic may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:

Our objective was to examine associations between neighborhood measures of structural racism and pandemic stress with 3

outcomes:

SARS-CoV-2 infection, preterm birth, and delivering small-for-gestational-age newborns. Our secondary objective was to investigate the joint association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and neighborhood measures with preterm birth and delivering small-for-gestational-age newborns. STUDY

DESIGN:

We analyzed data of 967 patients from a prospective cohort of pregnant persons in New York City, comprising 367 White (38%), 169 Black (17%), 293 Latina (30%), and 87 Asian persons (9%), 41 persons of other race or ethnicity (4%), and 10 of unknown race or ethnicity (1%). We evaluated structural racism (social/built structural disadvantage, racial-economic segregation) and pandemic-related stress (community COVID-19 mortality, community unemployment rate increase) in quartiles by zone improvement plan code. SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on blood samples from pregnant persons. We obtained data on preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age newborns from an electronic medical record database. We used log-binomial regression with robust standard error for clustering by zone improvement plan code to estimate associations of each neighborhood measure separately with 3

outcomes:

SARS-CoV-2 infection, preterm birth, and small-for-gestational-age newborns. Covariates included maternal age, parity, insurance status, and body mass index. Models with preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age newborns as the dependent variables additionally adjusted for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESULTS:

A total of 193 (20%) persons were SARS-CoV-2-seropositive, and the overall risks of preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age newborns were 8.4% and 9.8%, respectively. Among birthing persons in neighborhoods in the highest quartile of structural disadvantage (n=190), 94% were non-White, 50% had public insurance, 41% were obese, 32% were seropositive, 11% delivered preterm, and 12% delivered a small-for-gestational-age infant. Among birthing persons in neighborhoods in the lowest quartile of structural disadvantage (n=360), 39% were non-White, 17% had public insurance, 15% were obese, 9% were seropositive, 6% delivered preterm, and 10% delivered a small-for-gestational-age infant. In adjusted analyses, structural racism measures and community unemployment were associated with both SARS-CoV-2 infection and preterm birth, but not small-for-gestational-age infants. High vs low structural disadvantage was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 2.6 for infection (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.9) and 1.7 for preterm birth (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.9); high vs low racial-economic segregation was associated with adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.8) for infection and 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.2) for preterm birth; high vs low community unemployment increase was associated with adjusted relative risk of 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.5) for infection and 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.8) for preterm birth. COVID-19 mortality rate was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection but not preterm birth or small-for-gestational-age infants. SARS-CoV-2 infection was not independently associated with birth outcomes. We found no interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neighborhood measures on preterm birth or small-for-gestational-age infants.

CONCLUSION:

Neighborhood measures of structural racism were associated with both SARS-CoV-2 infection and preterm birth, but these associations were independent and did not have a synergistic effect. Community unemployment rate increases were also associated with an increased risk of preterm birth independently of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mitigating these factors might reduce the impact of the pandemic on pregnant people.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Premature Birth / COVID-19 / Infant, Newborn, Diseases Type of study: Cohort study / Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Female / Humans / Infant / Infant, Newborn / Pregnancy Language: English Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM Year: 2022 Document Type: Article

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Premature Birth / COVID-19 / Infant, Newborn, Diseases Type of study: Cohort study / Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study Limits: Female / Humans / Infant / Infant, Newborn / Pregnancy Language: English Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM Year: 2022 Document Type: Article