Respiratory Deposition Dose of PM2.5 and PM10 Before, During and After COVID-19 Lockdown Phases in Megacity-Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Considerable changes in particulate matter (PM) during COVID-19 lockdown in major cities around the World demand changes in exposure assessment studies of PM. The present study shows variations in respiratory deposition dose (RDD) of both fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles before, during and after Covid-19 lockdown phases at three sites (with different pollution signatures) in Delhi—Alipur, Okhla and Pusa Road. Exposure assessment study showed mean PM2.5 RDD (± S.D.) (µg/min) for walk and sit mode during before lockdown (BL) as 2.41(± 1.20) and 0.84(± 0.42) for Alipur, 2.71(± 1.60) and 0.94(± 0.56) for Okhla, and 2.54(± 1.28) and 0.88(± 0.44) for Pusa road, which decreased drastically during Lockdown 1(L1) as 0.85(± 0.35) and 0.30(± 0.12) for Alipur, 0.83(± 0.33) and 0.29(± 0.11) for Okhla, and 0.68(± 0.28) and 0.23(± 0.10) for Pusa road, respectively. Mean PM10 RDD (± S.D.) (µg/min) for walk and sit mode during before lockdown (BL) as 3.90 (± 1.73) and 1.36 (± 0.60) for Alipur, 4.74 (± 2.04) and 1.65 (± 0.71) for Okhla, and 4.25 (± 1.69) and 1.48 (± 0.59) for Pusa Road, respectively which decreased drastically during Lockdown 1(L1) as 2.19 (± 0.95) and 0.76 (± 0.33) for Alipur, 1.73 (± 0.67) and 0.60 (± 0.23) for Okhla and, 1.45 (± 0.50) and 0.50 (± 0.17) for Pusa Road, respectively. Significant decrease in RDD concentrations (Both PM2.5 and PM10) than that of BL phase have been found during Lockdown 1(L1) phase and other successive lockdown and unlock phases—Lockdown 2(L2), Lockdown 3(L3), Lockdown 4(L4) and Unlock1 (UL1) phases. Changes in RDD values during lockdown phases were affected by lesser traffic emission, minimized industrial activities, biomass burning activities, precipitation activities, etc. Seasonal variations of RDD showed Delhites are found exposed to more fine and coarse particles’ RDD (walk and sit modes) before and after lockdown, i.e. during normal days than during lockdown phases showing potential health effects. People in sit condition found less exposed to fine and coarse RDD comparison to those in walk condition both during normal and lockdown days.