Sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death: a cross-sectional study in Malang District, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine sociodemographic characteristics and health access associated with COVID-19 infection and death in Malang District, Indonesia. DESIGN: A non-random cross-sectional study. SETTING: Population in 390 villages in Malang District, East Java Province, Indonesia. PARTICIPANTS: We used Malang District government COVID-19 contact tracing data from 14 264 individuals, spanning from 1 March 2020 to 29 July 2020. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variables in this study are COVID-19 infections and COVID-19 deaths. The associations between sociodemographic characteristics and health access of COVID-19 infection and death were analysed using multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the 14 264 samples, 551 individuals were confirmed as being infected with COVID-19; 62 individuals died of COVID-19. Women, individuals with direct contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases and individuals with hypertension constituted the groups most vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Among respondents with confirmed COVID-19 cases, men, individuals aged 61 years and older, individuals with hypertension, and those diagnosed with pneumonia and respiratory failure were at higher risk of death. The number of community-based healthcare interventions was significantly associated with lower COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 mortality. Greater distance to a COVID-19 referral hospital increased risk of COVID-19 mortality. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 infection and death were related not only to sociodemographic characteristics of individuals but also to the presence of community-based healthcare interventions and access to hospital care. Strategies in public health, including improving healthcare access, are required to reduce COVID-19 infections among the most susceptible groups in Indonesia.