Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
BMC Psychiatry Vol 22 2022, ArtID 154
; 22, 2022.
Article
in English
| APA PsycInfo | ID: covidwho-1918935
ABSTRACT
Background:
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are self-report measures of major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. The primary aim of this study was to test for differential item functioning (DIF) on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country.Method:
Data from nationally representative surveys in UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy (combined N = 6,054) were used to fit confirmatory factor analytic and multiple-indictor multiple-causes models.Results:
Spain and Italy had higher latent variable means than the UK and Ireland for both anxiety and depression, but there was no evidence for differential items functioning.Conclusions:
The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were found to be unidimensional, reliable, and largely free of DIF in data from four large nationally representative samples of the general population in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Spain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
PHQ-9, GAD-7, depression, anxiety, measurement invariance; *Generalized Anxiety Disorder; *Major Depression; *Pandemics; *Psychometrics; *Health Related Quality of Life; Anxiety; Questionnaires; Measurement Invariance; covid-19; Health Psychology Testing [2226]; Health Psychology & Medicine [3360]; Human Male Female Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Ireland, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain
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Collection:
Databases of international organizations
Database:
APA PsycInfo
Type of study:
Observational study
Language:
English
Journal:
BMC Psychiatry Vol 22 2022, ArtID 154
Year:
2022
Document Type:
Article
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