Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Manifestations in COVID-19 and Management Consideration

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a health problem that is still engulfing the world that contributes to the high mortality rate globally. Death arises from the severity of the disease due to complications in important organs such as the heart. AIM: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the manifestations of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19 patients and their management in terms of published articles. METHODS: This research is a systematic review research. The research was conducted using the PRISMA method. Article searches are carried out by online publications through PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The population is articles about the manifestations of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19 patients and their management between 2011 and 2021. Inclusion criteria are studies that examine the manifestations of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19 patients and their management using primary data in the form of cohort research designs in English and full text available. The exclusion criteria were a case study, review study, and used secondary data. The data were analyzed by univariate analysis by calculating the frequency and percentage. RESULTS: The results show that several manifestations of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19 patients include cardiac injury, heart failure, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomegaly, and others. Complications of these diseases occur with or without comorbidities, and the risk increases with comorbid cardiovascular disease. The management of COVID-19 patients is basically done with antiviral agents, reducing symptoms and protecting important organs such as the heart. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular complications, the use of antiviral agents such as lopinavir or ritonavir should be used with caution because may interact with cardiovascular drugs. Mechanical circulation support is suggested, and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can also be performed to treat cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients.