An Assessment of the Profile and Predictors of Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in a Tertiary Care Institute in Central India

ABSTRACT

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the largest pandemic that has affected people around the globe. Various researches have been conducted worldwide, but there is a scarcity of data from Central India on the relationship between several risk factors for infection and mortality. Our study assessed the predictors and patient profiles of those with COVID-19, which will aid in prioritizing patient treatment and preventive measures. Methods A retrospective study was done between March and December 2020. The study included 5,552 COVID-19 patients admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur. A validated questionnaire form provided by the WHO was used. Data for multiple clinical and nonclinical parameters were collected, and analysis was done using SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and STATA version 12 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA). Mortality and risk assessment of patients was done using multivariate logistic regression. Result In our study cohort of 5,552 COVID-19 patients, the median age was found to be 47 years (interquartile range (IQR) 31-60 years;range 14-100 years), and 3,557 (64%) were male. Predominantly, patients presented with fever (41.30%), cough (40.20%), and dyspnea (29.29%). The major comorbidities were hypertension (29.70%), diabetes (25.40%), and chronic cardiac disease (5.79%). The common complications were liver dysfunction (26.83%), viral pneumonitis (23.66%), acute renal injury (15.25%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (13.41%). In multivariate analysis, age (more than 40 years) (odds ratio (OR) 2.63;95% confidence interval (CI) 1.531-4.512;p<0.001), diabetes (OR 1.61;95% CI 1.088-2.399;p=0.017), obesity (OR 6.88;95% CI 2.188-12.153;p=0.004), leukocytosis (OR 1.74;95% CI 1.422-2.422;p<0.001), lymphocytopenia (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.718-3.826;p<0.001), thrombocytopenia (OR 1.15;95% CI 1.777-8.700;p=0.001), and ferritin concentration > 1,000 ng/mL (OR 4.67;95% CI 1.991-10.975;p<0.001) were the independent predictors of mortality among COVID-19 patients. Conclusion The leading comorbidities in our study were hypertension, followed by diabetes. Patients who were 40 years or older, obese patients, and diabetic patients have a higher mortality risk. The poor prognostic predictors in COVID-19 patients were high ferritin levels (>1,000 ng/mL), leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia.