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Depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.
Young, K S; Purves, K L; Hübel, C; Davies, M R; Thompson, K N; Bristow, S; Krebs, G; Danese, A; Hirsch, C; Parsons, C E; Vassos, E; Adey, B N; Bright, S; Hegemann, L; Lee, Y T; Kalsi, G; Monssen, D; Mundy, J; Peel, A J; Rayner, C; Rogers, H C; Ter Kuile, A; Ward, C; York, K; Lin, Y; Palmos, A B; Schmidt, U; Veale, D; Nicholson, T R; Pollak, T A; Stevelink, S A M; Moukhtarian, T; Martineau, A R; Holt, H; Maughan, B; Al-Chalabi, A; Chaudhuri, K Ray; Richardson, M P; Bradley, J R; Chinnery, P F; Kingston, N; Papadia, S; Stirrups, K E; Linger, R; Hotopf, M; Eley, T C; Breen, G.
  • Young KS; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Purves KL; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Hübel C; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Davies MR; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Thompson KN; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Bristow S; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Krebs G; Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Danese A; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Hirsch C; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Parsons CE; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Vassos E; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Adey BN; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Bright S; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Hegemann L; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Lee YT; National and Specialist CAMHS Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
  • Kalsi G; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Monssen D; Interacting Minds Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
  • Mundy J; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Peel AJ; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Rayner C; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Rogers HC; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Ter Kuile A; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Ward C; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • York K; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Lin Y; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Palmos AB; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Schmidt U; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Veale D; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Nicholson TR; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Pollak TA; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Stevelink SAM; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Moukhtarian T; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Martineau AR; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Holt H; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Maughan B; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Al-Chalabi A; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Chaudhuri KR; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Richardson MP; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
  • Bradley JR; NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Chinnery PF; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Kingston N; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Papadia S; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
  • Stirrups KE; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
  • Linger R; Section of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Hotopf M; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
  • Eley TC; Section of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
  • Breen G; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Psychol Med ; : 1-14, 2022 Jul 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2016465
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on mental health is still being unravelled. It is important to identify which individuals are at greatest risk of worsening symptoms. This study aimed to examine changes in depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using prospective and retrospective symptom change assessments, and to find and examine the effect of key risk factors.

METHOD:

Online questionnaires were administered to 34 465 individuals (aged 16 years or above) in April/May 2020 in the UK, recruited from existing cohorts or via social media. Around one-third (n = 12 718) of included participants had prior diagnoses of depression or anxiety and had completed pre-pandemic mental health assessments (between September 2018 and February 2020), allowing prospective investigation of symptom change.

RESULTS:

Prospective symptom analyses showed small decreases in depression (PHQ-9 -0.43 points) and anxiety [generalised anxiety disorder scale - 7 items (GAD)-7 -0.33 points] and increases in PTSD (PCL-6 0.22 points). Conversely, retrospective symptom analyses demonstrated significant large increases (PHQ-9 2.40; GAD-7 = 1.97), with 55% reported worsening mental health since the beginning of the pandemic on a global change rating. Across both prospective and retrospective measures of symptom change, worsening depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms were associated with prior mental health diagnoses, female gender, young age and unemployed/student status.

CONCLUSIONS:

We highlight the effect of prior mental health diagnoses on worsening mental health during the pandemic and confirm previously reported sociodemographic risk factors. Discrepancies between prospective and retrospective measures of changes in mental health may be related to recall bias-related underestimation of prior symptom severity.
Keywords

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Cohort study / Observational study / Prognostic study Language: English Journal: Psychol Med Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S0033291722002501

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Cohort study / Observational study / Prognostic study Language: English Journal: Psychol Med Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: S0033291722002501