Riddle of Herd Immunity in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Terrorism: Science to Society

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that presented in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. SARS-CoV-2-mediated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is strongly associated with the rampant of infection with catastrophic morbidity. This pandemic has jiggled the society with its widespread social, psychologic, and economic distress. Society immunity or herd immunity is the most crucial and natural prophylactic vaccination interference against any infectious disease around the globe. It postulates protection at both the individual and population levels against pathogen-borne infections. The accomplishment of herd immunity is reliant upon the transmission efficiency of pathogens and the emerging natural immunity within a society. This is an exclusively pertinent mechanism to control any pandemic. The microbiome plays a crucial role in the coevolution of the body's immune cells, which are cardinal for bolstering a proficient vaccination process, ensuring herd immunity. The dynamics of interaction among microbiota, nutrients, and individual immunity determines the avidity of vaccines against several pathogens. Synchronization of microbial symbiosis preserves pathogen transmissibility and the engrossment of vaccination among different clusters based on the age and gender. Imbalance of nutrients refutes microbiome harmony, develops environmental enteropathy, and exacerbates immunity, which perturbs the efficacy of the vaccination process. Furthermore, discrepancies in the protective response of many vaccines in developing countries than developed countries are due to differences in healthy microbiota among the individuals in a particular cohort. We suggested that the rigorous pan-India oral poliovirus vaccination program for the past 30years has been finally capable of inducing herd immunity against poliovirus infection among societies, which may also inspire the commencement of natural heterologous immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, this anamnestic recall is somewhat counterintuitive, as antibody generation against original antigens of SARS-CoV-2 will be restrained due to original antigenic sin. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.