New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to share the excitement of new developments in the field of vaccine vector modalities against infectious diseases. The focus is on HIV-1/AIDS with reference to the most successful as well as currently tested COVID-19 vaccines, and human trials, which best inform iterative vaccine improvements. RECENT FINDINGS: Several genetic subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated protection against severe disease, obtained Emergency Use Authorization and scaled their production to billions of doses. Many more are in efficacy evaluation. In contrast, development of HIV-1 vaccines has been extremely difficult. Perseverance of scientists is deepening our understanding of what constitutes immunity against HIV-1 infection and how to achieve protective levels of relevant responses by active immunization, passive administration or a combination of both. Novel platforms led by RNA play a pivotal role. However, a difficult virus may require a complex approach. Proof of concept for HIV-1 prevention and cure might be at reach, and when it arrives, it will be a great and needed encouragement to the field. SUMMARY: Despite the enormous success of drug treatment, vaccines remain the best solution and likely a necessary component of any package that truly ends the AIDS epidemic.