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Factors Associated With Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Among Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review.
Rugg-Gunn, Charlotte E M; Dixon, Eleanor; Jorgensen, Andrea L; Usher-Smith, Juliet A; Marcovecchio, M Loredana; Deakin, Mark; Hawcutt, Daniel B.
  • Rugg-Gunn CEM; University of Liverpool Medical School, Liverpool, England.
  • Dixon E; Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • Jorgensen AL; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
  • Usher-Smith JA; Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England.
  • Marcovecchio ML; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
  • Deakin M; Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, England.
  • Hawcutt DB; NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Liverpool, England.
JAMA Pediatr ; 176(12): 1248-1259, 2022 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2059228
ABSTRACT
Importance Presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a risk. Following a 2011 systematic review, considerable additional articles have been published, and the review required updating.

Objective:

To evaluate factors associated with DKA at the onset of T1D among pediatric patients. Evidence Review In this systematic review, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and article reference lists were searched using the population, intervention, comparison, outcome search strategy for primary research studies on DKA and T1D onset among individuals younger than 18 years that were published from January 2011 to November 2021. These studies were combined with a 2011 systematic review on the same topic. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.

Findings:

A total of 2565 articles were identified; 149 were included, along with 46 from the previous review (total 195 articles). Thirty-eight factors were identified and examined for their association with DKA at T1D onset. Factors associated with increased risk of DKA were younger age at T1D onset (<2 years vs ≥2 years; odds ratio [OR], 3.51; 95% CI, 2.85-4.32; P < .001), belonging to an ethnic minority population (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.74; P = .004), and family history of T1D (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.37-0.57; P < .001), consistent with the 2011 systematic review. Some factors that were not associated with DKA in the 2011 systematic review were associated with DKA in the present review (eg, delayed diagnosis OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.72-3.01; P < .001). Additional factors associated with risk of DKA among patients with new-onset T1D included participation in screening programs (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.21-0.59; P < .001) and presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.76-3.06; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, age younger than 2 years at T1D onset, belonging to an ethnic minority population, delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, and presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with increased risk of DKA. Factors associated with decreased risk of DKA included greater knowledge of key signs or symptoms of DKA, such as a family history of T1D or participation in screening programs. Future work should focus on identifying and implementing strategies related to these factors to reduce risk of DKA among new patients with T1D.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / COVID-19 Type of study: Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Topics: Long Covid Limits: Child / Child, preschool / Humans Language: English Journal: JAMA Pediatr Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Jamapediatrics.2022.3586

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / COVID-19 Type of study: Diagnostic study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Randomized controlled trials / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Topics: Long Covid Limits: Child / Child, preschool / Humans Language: English Journal: JAMA Pediatr Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Jamapediatrics.2022.3586