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Narratives of the worst experiences associated with peritraumatic distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed method study in the USA and Italy.
Cipolletta, Sabrina; Tomaino, Silvia Caterina Maria; Rivest-Beauregard, Marjolaine; Sapkota, Ram P; Brunet, Alain; Winter, David.
  • Cipolletta S; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
  • Tomaino SCM; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
  • Rivest-Beauregard M; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada.
  • Sapkota RP; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
  • Brunet A; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada.
  • Winter D; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
Eur J Psychotraumatol ; 13(2): 2129359, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2070040
ABSTRACT

Background:

Although symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been associated with the COVID-19 pandemic experiences, no study has explored yet the association of specific COVID-19 narratives with peritraumatic distress, the precursor of PTSD.

Objective:

To explore the worst experiences associated with peritraumatic distress during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method:

Adult residents (N = 1098), from the US (n = 741) and Italy (n = 357), completed an online survey including socio-demographic data, COVID-19-related experiences, the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and an open question on their worst experiences during the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). A thematic content analysis (TCA) was conducted on the answers to the open question and a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to identify the themes that best predicted the clinical levels of peritraumatic distress.

Results:

The main TCA themes related to participants' worst COVID-19 experiences were anxiety, threat, loss, anger, stress and constriction. Threat was the most prevalent theme and correlated with experiences such as being quarantined, being infected and a loved one receiving the diagnosis. US participants' descriptions of their worst experiences related more to life-threat and loss, while Italians reported more threat to the world, stress, social isolation, and feeling trapped. In the CART analysis, the main predictor (79.9%) was perceiving negative effects from the COVID-19 crisis. Among them, a COVID-related threat to self-experience was the most robust predictor. In its absence, being deprived of resources or experiencing high levels of anxiety were other robust predictors.

Conclusions:

The study provided evidence of the utility of a mixed-method approach in conceptualizing experiences associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of traumatic symptoms. Its findings may inform healthcare interventions and policies for tackling the new challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. HIGHLIGHTS Clinically significant levels of peritraumatic distress symptoms were prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic.Clinically significant levels of peritraumatic distress during the COVID-19 pandemic were related to experiences of life-threat, resource deprivation, and anxiety, cross-cutting the themes articulated by the thematic content analysis of anxiety, threat, loss, anger, stress and constriction.The US and Italian participants' descriptions of their worst experiences differed in subtle but important ways, with Americans reporting more life-threat and losses compared to Italians reporting more threat to the world, stress, social isolation, and feelings of being trapped.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes Aunque los síntomas del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) se han asociado con las experiencias de la pandemia de COVID-19, ningún estudio ha explorado aún la asociación de las narrativas específicas de COVID-19 con el distres peritraumático, el precursor del TEPT.

Objetivo:

Explorar las peores experiencias asociadas al distres peritraumático durante la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19.

Método:

Adultos residentes (N = 1098), de los EE.UU. (n = 741) e Italia (n = 357), completaron una encuesta en línea que incluía datos sociodemográficos, experiencias relacionadas con la COVID-19, el Inventario de Distrés Peritraumático y una pregunta abierta sobre sus peores experiencias durante el primer período de la pandemia de la COVID-19 (abril-mayo de 2020). Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático (TCA, en sus siglas en inglés) sobre las respuestas a la pregunta abierta y se utilizó un análisis de árbol de clasificación y regresión (CART, en sus siglas en inglés) para identificar los temas que mejor predecían los niveles clínicos de distres peritraumático.

Resultados:

Los principales temas del TCA relacionados con las peores experiencias de COVID-19 de los participantes fueron la ansiedad, la amenaza, la pérdida, la ira, el estrés y la constricción. La amenaza fue el tema más prevalente y se correlacionó con experiencias como estar en cuarentena, estar infectado y que un ser querido recibiera el diagnóstico. Las descripciones de los participantes estadounidenses de sus peores experiencias estaban más relacionadas con la amenaza a la vida y la pérdida, mientras que los italianos informaron más de la amenaza al mundo, el estrés, el aislamiento social y la sensación de estar atrapados. En el análisis CART, el principal predictor (79,9%) fue la percepción de efectos negativos de la crisis COVID-19. Entre ellos, la experiencia de amenaza a sí mismo relacionada con la COVID fue el predictor más sólido. En su ausencia, estar privado de recursos o experimentar altos niveles de ansiedad fueron otros predictores sólidos.

Conclusiones:

El estudio aportó pruebas de la utilidad de un abordaje de métodos mixtos para conceptualizar las experiencias asociadas a la pandemia de COVID-19 y el riesgo de síntomas traumáticos. Sus hallazgos pueden servir de base a las intervenciones y políticas sanitarias para afrontar los nuevos retos que plantea la pandemia de COVID-19.
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Keywords

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adult / Humans Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: Eur J Psychotraumatol Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 20008066.2022.2129359

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / COVID-19 Type of study: Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Randomized controlled trials Topics: Long Covid Limits: Adult / Humans Country/Region as subject: North America Language: English Journal: Eur J Psychotraumatol Year: 2022 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: 20008066.2022.2129359