Exploring the Spatio-Temporal and Behavioural Variations in Taxi Travel Based on Big Data during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of New York City

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe social and economic chaos worldwide. To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the travel patterns of residents, we analysed taxi trajectory data and COVID-19 pandemic data from New York City. Pearson coefficients, which were −0.7139, −0.8041, and −0.7046 during the three waves of the COVID-19, revealed a significant negative correlation between confirmed cases and taxi trips. Moran's I was higher in drop-off areas than in pick-up areas, indicating a stronger spatial autocorrelation in drop-off areas during the study period. The hotspots of travel destinations had changed by spatial clustering, and variations in origin–destination distribution were obvious after the pandemic. Comparison of temporal and spatial dimensions before and after the pandemic revealed that strict epidemic policies directly affected travel. For instance, a week after the restrictions the taxi journeys plummeted by 95.3%, and their spatial and temporal patterns also changed. Once the anti-epidemic policy was eased or lifted, the taxi travel recovered, whereas, notably the new Omicron wave did not cause dramatic changes in taxi journeys. Despite this, travel spatial and temporal patterns did not return to pre-pandemic levels by the end of March 2022, the taxi journeys remained below half the pre-pandemic level. This study identified the profound impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on travel patterns and revealed distinct variations in behavioural responses during the pandemic and in response to subsequent policies. Strengthening targeted epidemic prevention and control measures are required to improve the balance between anti-epidemic policies and implementation efforts, that will facilitate the recovery of urban transport, work, and lifestyle of residents.