National Nutrition survey mapping exercise to explore the association between Vitamin D status and COVID-19

ABSTRACT

14 Table 1National nutrition surveys collecting vitamin D dataCountry Nutrition Survey Vitamin D Indicator Access Europe UK PHE National Diet & Nutrition Survey (NDNS) [2008–19] Serum 25-OHD concentration Supplement intake Open France French national dietary survey (INCA1, INCA2, INCA3) [1998–2017] Serum 25-OHD concentration Supplement intake Open Finland The Finnish National Dietary Survey in Adults and Elderly (FinDiet 2017) Serum 25-OHD concentration Estimated intake (microgram) Application Germany Nationale Verzehrsstudie II Estimated intake (microgram) Supplement usage Application Israel Mabat First Israeli National Health and Nutrition Survey Estimated intake (microgram) Application Netherlands Dutch National Food Consumption Survey Supplement usage Application Belgium Belgium Health Examination survey (BELHES) Estimated intake (microgram) Application Austria Austrian Nutrition Report (OSES) [2017] Serum 25-OHD concentration N/A Denmark National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity (DANSDA) Serum 25-OHD concentration Supplement intake N/A Spain National Food Survey in the adult population, the elderly and pregnant women. (ENALIA) [2012–15] Supplement usage N/A Italy Italian National Food Consumption Survey (INRAN-SCAI) [2005–06] Estimated intake (microgram) N/A Greece The Greek National Survey on Health and Nutrition (the HYDRIA Project) Serum 25-OHD concentration N/A Greenland Inuit Health in Transition Greenland survey 2005–2010 Serum 25-OHD concentration N/A Nordic Countries Nordic dietary surveys Study designs, methods, results and use in food-based risk assessments Serum 25-OHD concentration Estimated intake (microgram) N/A North America USA CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [1999–2018] Estimated intake (microgram) Supplementation usage Open Canada CRDCN Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) [2004–15] Estimated intake Open South America Brazil IBGE Consumer Expenditure Survey [2002–18] Estimated intake (microgram) Open Chile National Health Survey [2009–17] Estimated intake (microgram) Open Argentina National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS) [2004–19] Estimated intake (microgram) Supplementation usage N/A Asia South Korea Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) [2019] Serum 25-OHD concentration Application Taiwan Taiwan;Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) Estimated intake (microgram) Supplementation usage Application China China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) Estimated intake (microgram) Application Japan National Health & Nutrition Survey [1994–2020] Estimated intake (microgram) Application Philippines FNRI National Nutrition Survey [2019] Serum 25-OHD conc ntration Estimated intake (microgram) N/A India National Nutritional Survey [2016–18] Serum 25-OHD concentration N/A Africa *Vitamin D data was not collected/reported in national nutrition surveys from South Africa (SANHANES), Kenya (KNMS), Nigeria (NNHS), Ghana (GMS), Ethiopia (NBS), Uganda (DHS/NS) & Tanzania (TNNS). Oceania Australia Australian Health Survey- Biomedical results for Nutrients [2011–12] Serum 25-OHD concentration Open New Zealand Vitamin D Status of New Zealand Adults (from New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey) [2008–09] Serum 25-OHD concentration Open * 25-OHD 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (nmol/L). N/A – raw data not accessibleConclusionVitamin D data can be combined with COVID-19 incidence and mortality data, to explore the relationship between Vitamin D and COVID-19. Further research can explore inter-individual differences in Vitamin D requirements, optimal therapeutic doses required and how individual requirements can be determined. Findings will improve disease pathway understanding, support the generation of aetiological hypotheses and contribute to COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Substandard diagnosis and reporting in low-middle income countries underestimates disease rates, compared to high income countries. Studies investigating countries across income levels may therefore be affected by case-ascertain ent bias, however also highlight where future resources should be directed to improve overall health and reduce inequalities, as well as reducing the burden of COVID-19.