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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Control Measures on the Mental Health of the General Population : A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.
Salanti, Georgia; Peter, Natalie; Tonia, Thomy; Holloway, Alexander; White, Ian R; Darwish, Leila; Low, Nicola; Egger, Matthias; Haas, Andreas D; Fazel, Seena; Kessler, Ronald C; Herrman, Helen; Kieling, Christian; De Quervain, Dominique J F; Vigod, Simone N; Patel, Vikram; Li, Tianjing; Cuijpers, Pim; Cipriani, Andrea; Furukawa, Toshi A; Leucht, Stefan; Sambo, Abdulkadir Usman; Onishi, Akira; Sato, Akira; Rodolico, Alessandro; Oliveira Solis, Ana Cristina de; Antoniou, Anastasia; Kapfhammer, Angelika; Ceraso, Anna; O'Mahony, Aoife; Lasserre, Aurélie M; Ipekci, Aziz Mert; Concerto, Carmen; Zangani, Caroline; Igwesi-Chidobe, Chinonso; Diehm, Christina; Demir, Dicle Dilay; Wang, Dongfang; Ostinelli, Edoardo Giuseppe; Sahker, Ethan; Beraldi, Gabriel Henrique; Erzin, Gamze; Nelson, Harrison; Elkis, Helio; Imai, Hissei; Wu, Hui; Kamitsis, Ilias; Filis, Ioannis; Michopoulos, Ioannis; Bighelli, Irene.
  • Salanti G; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.S., T.T., A.H., N.L., A.D.H.).
  • Peter N; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (N.P., L.D., S.L.).
  • Tonia T; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.S., T.T., A.H., N.L., A.D.H.).
  • Holloway A; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.S., T.T., A.H., N.L., A.D.H.).
  • White IR; University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.W.).
  • Darwish L; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (N.P., L.D., S.L.).
  • Low N; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.S., T.T., A.H., N.L., A.D.H.).
  • Egger M; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.E.).
  • Haas AD; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.S., T.T., A.H., N.L., A.D.H.).
  • Fazel S; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.C., S.F.).
  • Kessler RC; Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (R.C.K.).
  • Herrman H; Orygen National Centre for Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (H.H.).
  • Kieling C; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.K.).
  • De Quervain DJF; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.J.F.Q.).
  • Vigod SN; Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.N.V.).
  • Patel V; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (V.P.).
  • Li T; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (T.L.).
  • Cuijpers P; Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.C
  • Cipriani A; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.C., S.F.).
  • Furukawa TA; Department of Health Promotion and Human Behaviour, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.A.F.).
  • Leucht S; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (N.P., L.D., S.L.).
Ann Intern Med ; 175(11): 1560-1571, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2279411
ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

To what extent the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures influenced mental health in the general population is still unclear.

PURPOSE:

To assess the trajectory of mental health symptoms during the first year of the pandemic and examine dose-response relations with characteristics of the pandemic and its containment. DATA SOURCES Relevant articles were identified from the living evidence database of the COVID-19 Open Access Project, which indexes COVID-19-related publications from MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via Ovid, and PsycInfo. Preprint publications were not considered. STUDY SELECTION Longitudinal studies that reported data on the general population's mental health using validated scales and that were published before 31 March 2021 were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION An international crowd of 109 trained reviewers screened references and extracted study characteristics, participant characteristics, and symptom scores at each timepoint. Data were also included for the following country-specific variables days since the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the stringency of governmental containment measures, and the cumulative numbers of cases and deaths. DATA

SYNTHESIS:

In a total of 43 studies (331 628 participants), changes in symptoms of psychological distress, sleep disturbances, and mental well-being varied substantially across studies. On average, depression and anxiety symptoms worsened in the first 2 months of the pandemic (standardized mean difference at 60 days, -0.39 [95% credible interval, -0.76 to -0.03]); thereafter, the trajectories were heterogeneous. There was a linear association of worsening depression and anxiety with increasing numbers of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and increasing stringency in governmental measures. Gender, age, country, deprivation, inequalities, risk of bias, and study design did not modify these associations.

LIMITATIONS:

The certainty of the evidence was low because of the high risk of bias in included studies and the large amount of heterogeneity. Stringency measures and surges in cases were strongly correlated and changed over time. The observed associations should not be interpreted as causal relationships.

CONCLUSION:

Although an initial increase in average symptoms of depression and anxiety and an association between higher numbers of reported cases and more stringent measures were found, changes in mental health symptoms varied substantially across studies after the first 2 months of the pandemic. This suggests that different populations responded differently to the psychological stress generated by the pandemic and its containment measures. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Swiss National Science Foundation. (PROSPERO CRD42020180049).
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Ann Intern Med Year: 2022 Document Type: Article

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Main subject: COVID-19 Type of study: Cohort study / Experimental Studies / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Reviews / Systematic review/Meta Analysis Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Ann Intern Med Year: 2022 Document Type: Article