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Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines.
Dhawan, Manish; Rabaan, Ali A; Fawarah, Mahmoud M Al; Almuthree, Souad A; Alsubki, Roua A; Alfaraj, Amal H; Mashraqi, Mutaib M; Alshamrani, Saleh A; Abduljabbar, Wesam A; Alwashmi, Ameen S S; Ibrahim, Fatimah Al; Alsaleh, Abdulmonem A; Khamis, Faryal; Alsalman, Jameela; Sharma, Manish; Emran, Talha Bin.
  • Dhawan M; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India.
  • Rabaan AA; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
  • Fawarah MMA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
  • Almuthree SA; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alsubki RA; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
  • Alfaraj AH; Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
  • Mashraqi MM; Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alshamrani SA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.
  • Abduljabbar WA; Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alwashmi ASS; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
  • Ibrahim FA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alsaleh AA; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia.
  • Khamis F; Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
  • Alsalman J; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia.
  • Sharma M; Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia.
  • Emran TB; Infection Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, Oman.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 11(1)2023 Jan 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2167037
ABSTRACT
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells' exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.
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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines / Variants Language: English Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Vaccines11010101

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Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: MEDLINE Type of study: Prognostic study Topics: Vaccines / Variants Language: English Year: 2023 Document Type: Article Affiliation country: Vaccines11010101